Architectures Of Violence PDF
Preview Architectures Of Violence
ARCHITECTURES OF VIOLENCE KATE FERGUSON Architectures of Violence The Command Structures of Modern Mass Atrocities HURST & COMPANY, LONDON First published in the United Kingdom in 2020 by C. Hurst & Co. (Publishers) Ltd, 41 Great Russell Street, London, WC1B 3PL © Kate Ferguson, 2020 All rights reserved. Printed in Scotland. The right of Kate Ferguson to be identified as the author of this publication is asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988. A Cataloguing-in-Publication data record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: 9781849048118 www.hurstpublishers.com For Aia, my grandmother, who I miss every day CONTENTS Acknowledgements Abbreviations Preface Prologue: A Very Short History of the End of Yugoslavia Maps Introduction 1. Architectures of Violence and Atrocity 2. Constructing an Architecture of Atrocity: The Serbian Model 3. An Architecture of Opportunism: The Croatian Model 4. An Irregular Architecture of Defence: The Bosnian Muslim Model 5. Criminal Structures 6. Cultures of Violence, Local Networks and Social Complicity Conclusions and Lessons Notes Bibliography Index ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This book was a long time in the making, and it could not have been completed without the support and encouragement of many colleagues, friends and excellent barmen. I am ever so grateful to Michael Dwyer and the team at Hurst for their unending patience as I tried to juggle it all. I often think that I would not be doing the work I do now if it were not for Cathie Carmichael, my long-time academic mentor and now dear friend. Cathie, this book, and so much more, could never have come to be without you. Since we took Cathie’s classes together fifteen years ago (!) Mark Vincent has been my best academic ally. He has given practical advice as this book has developed but we have talked about its themes for as long as we have known each other. Thank you to Uğur Üngör and Lee Jarvis, whose grilling and generous words gave me the confidence to pitch the book in the first place. I’m indebted to all my students, particularly the group of young undergraduate women in my last cohort at UEA in 2017 whose trust in me and vision for – and frustrations at – the world meant we had open and creative conversations about rights, responsibilities, and justice that stretched my thinking. For their warm hospitality during early research and writing trips, I thank the whole family at Guest House Rose in Sarajevo. Over the past few years I have been able to work with, and learn from, some of the very people who inspired me to start looking at how the gravest crimes can be prevented; others I have come to know and now could not be without. I’m very lucky that so many have taken the time to give generous advice, whether about this book or the work more broadly; these conversations and relationships have helped shape my thinking and helped me feel able to persevere. I can’t list everyone who has had my back or pushed me forward but I’d like to say particular thank you to Adama Dieng, Fred Carver, Maddy Crowther, Jens Stappenbeck, Tibi Galis, Simon Adams, Gill Kitley, Sadia Hameed, Charlie Brown, Annie Bird, Jason Ralph, Cristina Stefan and Adrian Gallagher. Thank you for the motivation, mentorship, challenge, learning and levity. Throughout the writing, editing and proofing process Protection Approaches has continued to grow. I’m immensely proud of, and thankful for, our marvellous team, past and present. I’m in constant awe of Szymon, Nasyah and Dilia, whose positivity, kindness, good humour and continuing commitment to justice has – even and especially in the face of a global pandemic – been an inspiration and a lifeline. I don’t know what I’d do without my friends who live outside the academic and foreign policy worlds, I’m sure I could not keep going and that I would be far less fun. Special thanks to Agatha, Katie, Sophie and Dino. And welcome to Elio, who has joined the ride and gives us reason to smile in such difficult times. I like to think I have forged my own path but am so much the product of my lovely parents. Mum and Dad taught me from my earliest moments about community and responsibility, which is what this book – and Protection Approaches – is chiefly about. Dad is a wonderful writer and has taught me more about what it is to put words together than anyone else. My brother Max is my most loyal champion and my moral compass, a constant that I could never be without – especially when things are hard. It seems silly to thank you all because it’s so much bigger than that. Finally, to Andy, my closest confidant, comrade, and collaborator. If you weren’t already so bored of hearing about this book, it would also be dedicated to you. ABBREVIATIONS ABiH Army of Bosnia and Herzegovina BiH Bosnia-Herzegovina DB Drzavna bedzbednost (Serbian state security service) EC European Community ECCC Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia EU European Union FRY Federal Republic of Yugoslavia FSA Free Syrian Army HDZ Croatian Democratic Union HOS Hrvatske Obrambene Snage (Croatian Defence Forces) HRT Croation Radio and Television HSP Croatian Party of Rights HV Croatian army HVO Croatian Defence Council ICC International Criminal Court ICJ International Court of Justice ICTR International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda ICTY International Criminal Tribunal for former Yugoslavia IHL International Humanitarian Law IMF International Monetary Fund INGO International non-governmental organisation JCE Joint Criminal Enterprise JNA Jugoslovenska Narodna Armija (Yugoslav People’s Army) JSO Serbian Special Police Units KLA Kosovo Liberation Army MENA Middle East & North Africa MICT UN Mechanism of International Tribunals MUP Serbian Interior Ministry NDH Independent State of Croatia NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NSAGs Non-state armed groups OS HZ H-B Croat Central Bosnia Operational Zone OS RSK Armed Forces of the Serbian Republic of Krajina R2P Responsibility to Protect RICO Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act RS Republika Srpska RSK Republic of Serbian Krajina RTLM Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines SAO SBWS (Slavonia, Baranja and Western Srem), SČP Srpski Četnički Pokret (Serbian Četnik Movement) SDA Party of Democratic Action SDG Srpska Dobrovoljačka Garda (Serbian Volunteer Guard) SDS Serbian Democratic Party SFOR NATO Stabilisation Force SG Srpska Garda (Serbian Guard) SRS Serbian Radical Party SSUP Socialist Ministry for Internal Affairs TO Teritorijalna Odbrana (Territorial Defence Force) TWRA Third World Relief Agency UN United Nations UNCHR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNPROFOR United Nations Protection Forcei UNSC United Nations Security Council USDDR Udruga Stranih Dragovoljaca Domovinskog Rata (Foreign Volunteers of the Croatian Homeland War) VJ Vojska Jugoslavije (Army of Yugoslavia) VRS Vojska Republike Srpske (Bosnian Serb military)
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