Architecture Biomimicry, towards a living Architecture in hot and arid regions Examiners' Committee

177 Pages·2015·18.99 MB·English

ﺔﯿﺒﻌﺸﻟا ﺔﯿطاﺮﻘﻤﯾﺪﻟا ﺔﯾﺮﺋاﺰﺠﻟا ﺔﯾرﻮﮭﻤﺠﻟا
Democratic and Popular Algerian Republic
ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻟا ﺚﺤﺒﻟا و ﻲﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﻢﯿﻠﻌﺘﻟا ةرازو
Ministry of the Superior teaching and the Scientific Research

Mohamed Khider University – Biskra ةﺮﻜﺴﺑ ﺮﻀﯿﺧ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ

ﺎﯿﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺘﻟا و مﻮﻠﻌﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﻛ
Faculty of Sciences and Technology
……………… :ﻢﺴﻗ
Department: Architecture.
……………:ﻊﺟﺮﻤﻟا
Ref :………………

Dissertation presented to obtain
The diploma
Magister in: Architecture

Option: Cities and architecture in the Sahara

Biomimicry, towards a living
Architecture in hot and arid regions

Defended by:
Sara KHELIL

Examiners’ Committee

Dr. Benabbas Moussadek M C A President University of Biskra
Pr. Zemmouri Nourdinne Professor Advisor University of Biskra
Pr. Boucheham Yasmina Professor Examiner University of Constantine
Pr. Kazar Okba Professor Examiner University of Biskra
i
A
knowledgments
First I thank God, the glorious and
ompassionate, for helping me and giving me
the strength to a

omplish this work.
There are many individuals and groups to whom I am grateful for their support,
enthusiasm,
ontributions, ideas,
omments and mu
h needed guidan
e. I hope to

over them all in this se
tion.
I wish to thank my advisor Pr. Zemmouri Nouredinne for his advi
e, guidan
e and
smart ideas. The
on(cid:28)den
e he showed in my abilities in my use of Biomimi
ry
in this dissertation and of
ourse his time to review it. My thanks extend for his
wealth of enthusiasm and insight that has been a
ontinual sour
e of inspiration for
this work. I feel grateful to have this opportunity to work on this dissertation under
his supervision. Thank you Sir.
My
ordial thanks extend to my dissertation
ommittee members who a

epted to
evaluatethismodestwork,DrBenabbasMoussadek,PrKazarOkba,PrBou
heham
Yasmina for their insightful
ritique.
I would like to express my sin
ere gratitude to Dr. Edlyn Gar
ia La Torre professor
at the S
hool of Ar
hite
ture of the Ponti(cid:28)
al Catholi
University of Puerto Ri
o
for her initial en
ouragement for me to begin this exploration, and generosity in
providing me with important resear
h material and valuable advi
e. I thank Dr.
Maibritt Perdesen Zari and Dr. Lydia Badarnah Kadri for providing me with the
resour
es, knowledge and insight needed to a
hieve this dissertation.
I would like to express my deepest thanks to my family, espe
ially to my parents
Dr. Khelil Na
eur, Dr. Djerou Leila for their knowledgeable help, endless patien
e,
supportand
are,alsomany thankstomybrothersandsisterforhelpingmebalan
e
life during my passionate pursuit of this topi
.
Lastly ...thank you to nature.

Contents
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 MOTIVATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 HYPOTHESIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.5 STRUCTURE & METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
I BIOMIMICRY, INNOVATION INSPIRED BY NATURE 9
2 NATURE: A LIVING LABORATORY 11
2.1 Introdu
tion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 DEFINITION OF NATURE AND SIGNIFICATIONS . . . . . . . . 12
2.3 LIFE, BIOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3.1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3.2 CLASSICAL CRITERIA OF LIFE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.4 NATURE AS MODEL, MEASURE AND MENTOR . . . . . . . . . 16
2.5 NATUREASINSPIRATIONDURINGTHEHISTORYOFARCHI-
TECTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.6 NATURAL FORM BECOMES FORM OF A BUILDING . . . . . . 20
2.6.1 TAIPEI 101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.6.2 BIRD's NEST STADIUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.6.3 LOTUS TEMPLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.6.4 PALM ISLANDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.6.5 CENTER FOR DISEASE CONTROL COMPLEX . . . . . . 23
2.6.6 CHICAGO SPIRE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.6.7 REDWOODS TREEHOUSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.6.8 ALDARHEADQUARTERS BUILDING . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.6.9 MMAA BUILDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.6.10 BEIJING WATER CUBE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.7 CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF BIOMIMICRY 27
3.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.2 UNDERSTANDING BIOMIMICRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.2.1 DEFINITION OF BIOMIMICRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.2.2 BIOMIMICRY MOTIVATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.2.3 BIOMIMICRY:TERMS,DEFINITIONSANDRELATEDFIELDS
( BIONICS, BIONIK AND BIOMIMETICS ) . . . . . . . . . 30
3.3 HISTORICALBACKGROUNDANDDEVELOPMENTOFBIOMIMICRY 34
iv Contents
3.4 GENIUS OF BIOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.4.1 DEFINITION OF A BIOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.4.2 WORLD BIOMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.4.3 GENIUS OF A BIOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.5 BIOMIMETIC DESIGN STRATEGIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.5.1 BIOMIMICRY 3.8 LIFE'S PRINCIPLES . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.5.2 THE BIOMIMICRY DESIGN SPIRAL: A TOOL FOR IN-
NOVATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.5.3 THE BIOMIMICRY TAXONOMY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.5.4 TYPOLOGICAL ANNALYSIS (TA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.5.5 BIOTRIZ APPROACH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.6 CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
II TOWARDS A LIVING ARCHITECTURE 61
4 INFLUENCE OF BIOMIMICRY ON ARCHITECTURAL DE-
SIGN 63
4.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.2 DESIGN APPROACHES TO BIOMIMICRY IN ARCHITECTURE 64
4.2.1 DESIGN REFERENCING BIOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4.2.2 BIOLOGY INFLUENCING DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.3 LEVELS OF BIOMIMICRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
4.3.1 ORGANISM LEVEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.3.2 BEHAVIOUR LEVEL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
4.3.3 ECOSYSTEM LEVEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.4 PRINCIPLES OF BIOMIMICRY IN ECOSYSTEM . . . . . . . . . 78
4.5 PRINCIPLES OF BIOMIMICRY IN DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
4.6 LIVING ARCHITECTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
4.7 EMERGINGADVANCEMENTSINTHEDOMAINOFBIOMIMETIC
ARCHITECTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.7.1 BREATHING WALLS TO ENHANCE THE EFFICIENCY
OF NATURAL VENTILATION SYSTEMS, ELGHAWABY
Mahmoud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.7.2 BIOMIMICRYFORADAPTIVE BUILDINGENVELOPES,
LIDIA BADARNAH KADRI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
4.8 CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
5 BIOBRAINSTORMING METHODOLOGY 91
5.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
5.2 BIO-PROBLEM SOLVER FOR SUPPORTING THE ARCHITEC-
TURAL DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
5.2.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . . 92
5.2.2 DEFINITION OF THE DESIGN CHALLENGE . . . . . . . 94
Contents v
5.3 CONSTRUCTION OF THE FUNCTIONAL MODEL . . . . . . . . 96
5.3.1 AIR REGULATION IN NATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
5.3.2 THERMOREGULATION IN NATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
5.3.3 ANALYSE OF THE SELECTED PINNACLES . . . . . . . . 99
5.4 DATA MATRIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
5.5 PRESENTATION OF THE CASE OF THE STUDY . . . . . . . . . 115
5.6 PRESENTATION OF THE OUTLINED DESIGN MODEL . . . . . 118
5.6.1 CONFIGURATIONOFTHEDESIGNCONCEPT(cid:17)ABREATH
OF FRESH AIR(cid:17) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
5.6.2 HOW DOES THE NEW MODEL WORK? . . . . . . . . . . 120
5.7 CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
6 SIMULATION, RESULTS DISCUSSION 127
6.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
6.2 FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS
(CFD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
6.2.1 INTRODUCTION OF CFD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
6.2.2 AVAILABLE CFD SIMULATION CODES . . . . . . . . . . 129
6.2.3 OVERVIEW OF THE PHOENICS CODE . . . . . . . . . . 131
6.3 BISKRA'S DESIGN DAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
6.3.1 DESIGN DAY OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
6.3.2 BISKRA'S DESIGN DAY SELECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
6.4 RESULTS OF THE SIMULATION AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . 142
6.5 CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
7 GENERAL CONCLUSION 153
Bibliography 157

List of Figures
1.1 Drivers and results of
hange. Sour
e: [Zari 2012℄ . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 World
limati
zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1 Monar
hButter(cid:29)y (Sour
e: http://biomimi
ryqi.org/biomimetisme/) 12
2.2 King(cid:28)sher (Sour
e: http://biomimi
ryqi.org/biomimetisme/) . . . . 17
2.3 Left:Golden Se
tion / Right: Logarithmi
spiral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.4 Left: Sun(cid:29)ower Head / Right: Peregrin Fal
on (cid:29)ight path . . . . . . . . . 19
2.5 Left: Bamboo Plant / Right: Taipei 101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.6 Left: Bird's Nest / Right: Beijing National Stadium . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.7 Left: Lotus Flower / Right: Lotus Temple in India . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.8 Left: Palm Tree / Right: Palm Islands in Dubai . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.9 Left: Nautilus Shell / Right: Center for Disease Control Complex . . . . 23
2.10 Left: Seashell / Right: Chi
ago Spire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.11 Left: Co
oon / Right: Redwoods Tree House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.12 Left: Seashell / Right: Aldar Headquarters Building . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.13 Left: Ca
tus plant / Right: MMAA Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.14 Left: Bubbles / Right: Beijing National Aquati
s Center . . . . . . . . . 26
3.1 Left: Leonardo's design for a (cid:29)ying ma
hine,
. 1488, inspired by
birds in (cid:29)ight. Middle and right: Pigeons also in(cid:29)uen
ed the Wright
Brothers' design for the (cid:28)rst airplane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.2 Diagram explaining the relationship between bionik (bioni
s) and
te
hni
al biology, nature (left) and te
hnology (right) [Gruber 2011℄ . 31
3.3 terms to des
ribe design approa
hes that mimi
aspe
ts of nature
[Zari 2012℄ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.4 Leonardo da Vin
i: sket
hes investigating the overlapping of the
feathers and (cid:29)ow through the bird's and the te
hni
al wing [Gruber
2011℄ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.5 Alfonso Borelli: about the impa
t of wedges and the (cid:29)apping wing
[Gruber 2011℄ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.6 Sir George Cayley's Studies on form and design of a balloon (cid:29)apping
wing [Gruber 2011℄ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.7 Patent of Lilienthal'sglider, 1895 [Gruber 2011℄ . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.8 Cross-se
tion of Cladiummaris
us and stru
tural interpretation by
S
hwendener [Gruber 2011℄ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.9 DrawingsofMonier'spatentspe
i(cid:28)
ations:
ontainersforplants,rail-
way sleeper [Gruber 2011℄ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.10 Ernst Hae
kel's tables of marine organisms, here
opepoda, small

rusta
eans [Gruber 2011℄ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
viii List of Figures
3.11 Front page of "Die P(cid:29)anze als Er(cid:28)nder" of Raoul Fran
e, 1920 [Gru-
ber 2011℄ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.12 A s
anning ele
tron mi
ros
ope image of Vel
ro's hooks and loops
(370 mi
ron view) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.13 Main biomes in the world. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.14 Di(cid:27)erent
ategories of biomes on earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.15 Aquati
Biome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.16 Forest Biome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.17 Grassland Biome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.18 Tundra Biome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.19 Main biomes in Afri
a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.20 Desert Biome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.21 Genius of a biome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.22 Fundamentalprin
iples
ondu
tivetolife(Sour
e: (cid:13)
2014Biomimi
ry
Group) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.23 Life's prin
iples Sustainability Wheel (Sour
e: (cid:13)
2014 Biomimi
ry
Group) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.24 Biomimi
rydesignspiraldevelopedbytheBiomimi
ryInstitute(Sour
e:
(cid:13)
2014 Biomimi
ry Group) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.25 Biology to Design spiral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.26 Challenge to Biology spiral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.27 The biomimi
ry Taxonomy (Sour
e: The Biomimi
ry institute) . . . 56
4.1 daimler
rysler's bioni

ar inspired by the box(cid:28)sh and tree growth
patterns(
ar: photobyryansomma. box(cid:28)shinsert: photobyri
hard
ling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.2 Design Spiral by the Biomimi
ry Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.3 top-down design approa
h: design referen
ing biology [Ahmar 2011℄ 67
4.4 A s
anning ele
tron mi
ros
ope image of Vel
ro's hooks and loops . 68
4.5 Vel
ro, adhesive material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.6 Ge
kos' feet pads have given up their se
ret . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4.7 Lotus e(cid:27)e
t. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4.8 Sto's Lotusan paint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.9 Bottom-up approa
h: biology in(cid:29)uen
ing design [Ahmar 2011℄ . . . . 71
4.10 Levels of Biomimi
ry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
4.11 Matthew Parkes' Hydrologi
al Center for the University of Namibia
and the steno
ara beetle [Zari 2007℄ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4.12 North Ameri
an beaver [Zari 2007℄ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
4.13 LLOYD CROSSING PROJECT, PORTLAND, USA [Zari 2007℄ . . . 78
4.14 Con
eptualmodelofbreathingwall;(a)exteriorlayer
apableofpreventing
or (cid:28)ltering dire
t sunlight while allowing air(cid:29)ow to pass, (b) Middle layer
a
tsasthermalinsulationlayer,thenit
oolsairtemperaturebyevaporative

ooling and re
eives air (cid:29)ow, (
) Internal layer aims at
ontrolling air(cid:29)ow . 84
List of Figures ix
4.15 Theangleofin
iden
edeterminesenergydensity. (a)Leavesnormaltosun
radiation for maximum energy gain. (b) The e(cid:27)e
t of di(cid:27)erent in
lination
on the proje
tion. (
) Top, front and proje
tion view [Badarnah 2008℄. . . 85
4.16 Lowerlayersofleavesbendformaximumlightper
eption. (a)Lowerleaves
β < γ
get bigger with smaller in
lination ( ). Alternation of 90 degrees is
adopted in this plant for more spa
e between the layers in order to
at
h
more sun light. (b) The e(cid:27)e
t of the in
lination, preventing self shading
[Badarnah 2008℄ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.17 Summary of main organizationalfeatures in leaves for minimum and max-
imum light exposure [Badarnah 2008℄ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.18 Simpli(cid:28)edversionof
urrentshadedevi
es. (a&b)horizontalshadedevi
es
for high angles of radiation. (
) Verti
al shade devi
es for low angles of
radiation (morning and evening) [Badarnah 2008℄ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
α
4.19 All shadebladeshavethesameangleofin
lination( )when(cid:29)ipped. Light
gray indi
ates the old position and dark gray the new position [Badarnah
2008℄ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.20 Left: the four integrated parts shown separately. Right: the parts
are atta
hed to ea
h other
reating one system [Badarnah 2010℄ . . . 88
4.21 A
ross se
tion through the SB showing the deformed veneer (as a
rea
tiontohumidenvironment)allowingtheairtoenterandventilate
the inner spa
e [Badarnah 2010℄ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
4.22 An integrated irrigation system to supply moisture. Two irrigating

y
les (bla
k and gray arrows) are a
tive when operated [Badarnah
2010℄ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5.1 Natural world's pro
esses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
5.2 Flow
hart of the design methodology showing the several phases . . 93
5.3 Proposed key Fun
tions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
5.4 Gases move by di(cid:27)usion from high to low
on
entration. . . . . . . . 97
5.5 Extra
ted fun
tional model for air regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
5.6 Extra
ted fun
tional model for heat regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
5.7 Galina
eous Bird . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
5.8 Galina
eous Birds' mound with automati
renewable energy heating 100
5.9 Spiders' web (Mi
rathena gra
ilis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
5.10 Spiders web's temperature
ontrol strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
5.11 Termite mound orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5.12 Thermosipheon (cid:29)ow mound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
5.13 Porous surfa
e of the
apped
himney mound . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
5.14 Indu
ed (cid:29)ow mound [Turner 2008℄ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
5.15 Elements of external Ma
rotermes mi
haelseni mound stru
ture . . . 106
5.16 Internal stru
ture of a Ma
rotermes mi
haelseni mound [Turner 2008℄ . . . 107
5.17 Diagram of termite mound stru
ture [Turner 2001℄ . . . . . . . . . . 108
5.18 Passive
ooling of a termite mound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
5.19 Bla
k tailed prairie dog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110