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Architecture Biomimicry, towards a living Architecture in hot and arid regions Examiners' Committee PDF

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Preview Architecture Biomimicry, towards a living Architecture in hot and arid regions Examiners' Committee

ﺔﯿﺒﻌﺸﻟا ﺔﯿطاﺮﻘﻤﯾﺪﻟا ﺔﯾﺮﺋاﺰﺠﻟا ﺔﯾرﻮﮭﻤﺠﻟا Democratic and Popular Algerian Republic ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻟا ﺚﺤﺒﻟا و ﻲﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﻢﯿﻠﻌﺘﻟا ةرازو Ministry of the Superior teaching and the Scientific Research Mohamed Khider University – Biskra ةﺮﻜﺴﺑ ﺮﻀﯿﺧ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺎﯿﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺘﻟا و مﻮﻠﻌﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﻛ Faculty of Sciences and Technology ……………… :ﻢﺴﻗ Department: Architecture. ……………:ﻊﺟﺮﻤﻟا Ref :……………… Dissertation presented to obtain The diploma Magister in: Architecture Option: Cities and architecture in the Sahara Biomimicry, towards a living Architecture in hot and arid regions Defended by: Sara KHELIL Examiners’ Committee Dr. Benabbas Moussadek M C A President University of Biskra Pr. Zemmouri Nourdinne Professor Advisor University of Biskra Pr. Boucheham Yasmina Professor Examiner University of Constantine Pr. Kazar Okba Professor Examiner University of Biskra i A knowledgments First I thank God, the glorious and ompassionate, for helping me and giving me the strength to a omplish this work. There are many individuals and groups to whom I am grateful for their support, enthusiasm, ontributions, ideas, omments and mu h needed guidan e. I hope to over them all in this se tion. I wish to thank my advisor Pr. Zemmouri Nouredinne for his advi e, guidan e and smart ideas. The on(cid:28)den e he showed in my abilities in my use of Biomimi ry in this dissertation and of ourse his time to review it. My thanks extend for his wealth of enthusiasm and insight that has been a ontinual sour e of inspiration for this work. I feel grateful to have this opportunity to work on this dissertation under his supervision. Thank you Sir. My ordial thanks extend to my dissertation ommittee members who a epted to evaluatethismodestwork,DrBenabbasMoussadek,PrKazarOkba,PrBou heham Yasmina for their insightful ritique. I would like to express my sin ere gratitude to Dr. Edlyn Gar ia La Torre professor at the S hool of Ar hite ture of the Ponti(cid:28) al Catholi University of Puerto Ri o for her initial en ouragement for me to begin this exploration, and generosity in providing me with important resear h material and valuable advi e. I thank Dr. Maibritt Perdesen Zari and Dr. Lydia Badarnah Kadri for providing me with the resour es, knowledge and insight needed to a hieve this dissertation. I would like to express my deepest thanks to my family, espe ially to my parents Dr. Khelil Na eur, Dr. Djerou Leila for their knowledgeable help, endless patien e, supportand are,alsomany thankstomybrothersandsisterforhelpingmebalan e life during my passionate pursuit of this topi . Lastly ...thank you to nature. Contents 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 MOTIVATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.3 HYPOTHESIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.5 STRUCTURE & METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 I BIOMIMICRY, INNOVATION INSPIRED BY NATURE 9 2 NATURE: A LIVING LABORATORY 11 2.1 Introdu tion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.2 DEFINITION OF NATURE AND SIGNIFICATIONS . . . . . . . . 12 2.3 LIFE, BIOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.3.1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE . . . . . . . . . 13 2.3.2 CLASSICAL CRITERIA OF LIFE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.4 NATURE AS MODEL, MEASURE AND MENTOR . . . . . . . . . 16 2.5 NATUREASINSPIRATIONDURINGTHEHISTORYOFARCHI- TECTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.6 NATURAL FORM BECOMES FORM OF A BUILDING . . . . . . 20 2.6.1 TAIPEI 101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.6.2 BIRD's NEST STADIUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.6.3 LOTUS TEMPLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.6.4 PALM ISLANDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.6.5 CENTER FOR DISEASE CONTROL COMPLEX . . . . . . 23 2.6.6 CHICAGO SPIRE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.6.7 REDWOODS TREEHOUSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.6.8 ALDARHEADQUARTERS BUILDING . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.6.9 MMAA BUILDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.6.10 BEIJING WATER CUBE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.7 CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 3 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF BIOMIMICRY 27 3.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3.2 UNDERSTANDING BIOMIMICRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 3.2.1 DEFINITION OF BIOMIMICRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 3.2.2 BIOMIMICRY MOTIVATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3.2.3 BIOMIMICRY:TERMS,DEFINITIONSANDRELATEDFIELDS ( BIONICS, BIONIK AND BIOMIMETICS ) . . . . . . . . . 30 3.3 HISTORICALBACKGROUNDANDDEVELOPMENTOFBIOMIMICRY 34 iv Contents 3.4 GENIUS OF BIOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 3.4.1 DEFINITION OF A BIOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 3.4.2 WORLD BIOMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 3.4.3 GENIUS OF A BIOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 3.5 BIOMIMETIC DESIGN STRATEGIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 3.5.1 BIOMIMICRY 3.8 LIFE'S PRINCIPLES . . . . . . . . . . . 48 3.5.2 THE BIOMIMICRY DESIGN SPIRAL: A TOOL FOR IN- NOVATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 3.5.3 THE BIOMIMICRY TAXONOMY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 3.5.4 TYPOLOGICAL ANNALYSIS (TA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 3.5.5 BIOTRIZ APPROACH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 3.6 CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 II TOWARDS A LIVING ARCHITECTURE 61 4 INFLUENCE OF BIOMIMICRY ON ARCHITECTURAL DE- SIGN 63 4.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 4.2 DESIGN APPROACHES TO BIOMIMICRY IN ARCHITECTURE 64 4.2.1 DESIGN REFERENCING BIOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 4.2.2 BIOLOGY INFLUENCING DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 4.3 LEVELS OF BIOMIMICRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 4.3.1 ORGANISM LEVEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 4.3.2 BEHAVIOUR LEVEL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 4.3.3 ECOSYSTEM LEVEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 4.4 PRINCIPLES OF BIOMIMICRY IN ECOSYSTEM . . . . . . . . . 78 4.5 PRINCIPLES OF BIOMIMICRY IN DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 4.6 LIVING ARCHITECTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 4.7 EMERGINGADVANCEMENTSINTHEDOMAINOFBIOMIMETIC ARCHITECTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 4.7.1 BREATHING WALLS TO ENHANCE THE EFFICIENCY OF NATURAL VENTILATION SYSTEMS, ELGHAWABY Mahmoud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 4.7.2 BIOMIMICRYFORADAPTIVE BUILDINGENVELOPES, LIDIA BADARNAH KADRI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 4.8 CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 5 BIOBRAINSTORMING METHODOLOGY 91 5.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 5.2 BIO-PROBLEM SOLVER FOR SUPPORTING THE ARCHITEC- TURAL DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 5.2.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . . 92 5.2.2 DEFINITION OF THE DESIGN CHALLENGE . . . . . . . 94 Contents v 5.3 CONSTRUCTION OF THE FUNCTIONAL MODEL . . . . . . . . 96 5.3.1 AIR REGULATION IN NATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 5.3.2 THERMOREGULATION IN NATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 5.3.3 ANALYSE OF THE SELECTED PINNACLES . . . . . . . . 99 5.4 DATA MATRIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 5.5 PRESENTATION OF THE CASE OF THE STUDY . . . . . . . . . 115 5.6 PRESENTATION OF THE OUTLINED DESIGN MODEL . . . . . 118 5.6.1 CONFIGURATIONOFTHEDESIGNCONCEPT(cid:17)ABREATH OF FRESH AIR(cid:17) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 5.6.2 HOW DOES THE NEW MODEL WORK? . . . . . . . . . . 120 5.7 CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 6 SIMULATION, RESULTS DISCUSSION 127 6.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 6.2 FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS (CFD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 6.2.1 INTRODUCTION OF CFD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 6.2.2 AVAILABLE CFD SIMULATION CODES . . . . . . . . . . 129 6.2.3 OVERVIEW OF THE PHOENICS CODE . . . . . . . . . . 131 6.3 BISKRA'S DESIGN DAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 6.3.1 DESIGN DAY OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 6.3.2 BISKRA'S DESIGN DAY SELECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 6.4 RESULTS OF THE SIMULATION AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . 142 6.5 CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 7 GENERAL CONCLUSION 153 Bibliography 157 List of Figures 1.1 Drivers and results of hange. Sour e: [Zari 2012℄ . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2 World limati zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.1 Monar hButter(cid:29)y (Sour e: http://biomimi ryqi.org/biomimetisme/) 12 2.2 King(cid:28)sher (Sour e: http://biomimi ryqi.org/biomimetisme/) . . . . 17 2.3 Left:Golden Se tion / Right: Logarithmi spiral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.4 Left: Sun(cid:29)ower Head / Right: Peregrin Fal on (cid:29)ight path . . . . . . . . . 19 2.5 Left: Bamboo Plant / Right: Taipei 101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.6 Left: Bird's Nest / Right: Beijing National Stadium . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.7 Left: Lotus Flower / Right: Lotus Temple in India . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.8 Left: Palm Tree / Right: Palm Islands in Dubai . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.9 Left: Nautilus Shell / Right: Center for Disease Control Complex . . . . 23 2.10 Left: Seashell / Right: Chi ago Spire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.11 Left: Co oon / Right: Redwoods Tree House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.12 Left: Seashell / Right: Aldar Headquarters Building . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.13 Left: Ca tus plant / Right: MMAA Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.14 Left: Bubbles / Right: Beijing National Aquati s Center . . . . . . . . . 26 3.1 Left: Leonardo's design for a (cid:29)ying ma hine, . 1488, inspired by birds in (cid:29)ight. Middle and right: Pigeons also in(cid:29)uen ed the Wright Brothers' design for the (cid:28)rst airplane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 3.2 Diagram explaining the relationship between bionik (bioni s) and te hni al biology, nature (left) and te hnology (right) [Gruber 2011℄ . 31 3.3 terms to des ribe design approa hes that mimi aspe ts of nature [Zari 2012℄ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3.4 Leonardo da Vin i: sket hes investigating the overlapping of the feathers and (cid:29)ow through the bird's and the te hni al wing [Gruber 2011℄ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 3.5 Alfonso Borelli: about the impa t of wedges and the (cid:29)apping wing [Gruber 2011℄ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 3.6 Sir George Cayley's Studies on form and design of a balloon (cid:29)apping wing [Gruber 2011℄ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 3.7 Patent of Lilienthal'sglider, 1895 [Gruber 2011℄ . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 3.8 Cross-se tion of Cladiummaris us and stru tural interpretation by S hwendener [Gruber 2011℄ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 3.9 DrawingsofMonier'spatentspe i(cid:28) ations: ontainersforplants,rail- way sleeper [Gruber 2011℄ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 3.10 Ernst Hae kel's tables of marine organisms, here opepoda, small rusta eans [Gruber 2011℄ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 viii List of Figures 3.11 Front page of "Die P(cid:29)anze als Er(cid:28)nder" of Raoul Fran e, 1920 [Gru- ber 2011℄ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 3.12 A s anning ele tron mi ros ope image of Vel ro's hooks and loops (370 mi ron view) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 3.13 Main biomes in the world. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 3.14 Di(cid:27)erent ategories of biomes on earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 3.15 Aquati Biome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 3.16 Forest Biome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 3.17 Grassland Biome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3.18 Tundra Biome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3.19 Main biomes in Afri a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 3.20 Desert Biome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 3.21 Genius of a biome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 3.22 Fundamentalprin iples ondu tivetolife(Sour e: (cid:13) 2014Biomimi ry Group) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3.23 Life's prin iples Sustainability Wheel (Sour e: (cid:13) 2014 Biomimi ry Group) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 3.24 Biomimi rydesignspiraldevelopedbytheBiomimi ryInstitute(Sour e: (cid:13) 2014 Biomimi ry Group) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 3.25 Biology to Design spiral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3.26 Challenge to Biology spiral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 3.27 The biomimi ry Taxonomy (Sour e: The Biomimi ry institute) . . . 56 4.1 daimler rysler's bioni ar inspired by the box(cid:28)sh and tree growth patterns( ar: photobyryansomma. box(cid:28)shinsert: photobyri hard ling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 4.2 Design Spiral by the Biomimi ry Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 4.3 top-down design approa h: design referen ing biology [Ahmar 2011℄ 67 4.4 A s anning ele tron mi ros ope image of Vel ro's hooks and loops . 68 4.5 Vel ro, adhesive material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 4.6 Ge kos' feet pads have given up their se ret . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 4.7 Lotus e(cid:27)e t. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 4.8 Sto's Lotusan paint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 4.9 Bottom-up approa h: biology in(cid:29)uen ing design [Ahmar 2011℄ . . . . 71 4.10 Levels of Biomimi ry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 4.11 Matthew Parkes' Hydrologi al Center for the University of Namibia and the steno ara beetle [Zari 2007℄ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 4.12 North Ameri an beaver [Zari 2007℄ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 4.13 LLOYD CROSSING PROJECT, PORTLAND, USA [Zari 2007℄ . . . 78 4.14 Con eptualmodelofbreathingwall;(a)exteriorlayer apableofpreventing or (cid:28)ltering dire t sunlight while allowing air(cid:29)ow to pass, (b) Middle layer a tsasthermalinsulationlayer,thenit oolsairtemperaturebyevaporative ooling and re eives air (cid:29)ow, ( ) Internal layer aims at ontrolling air(cid:29)ow . 84 List of Figures ix 4.15 Theangleofin iden edeterminesenergydensity. (a)Leavesnormaltosun radiation for maximum energy gain. (b) The e(cid:27)e t of di(cid:27)erent in lination on the proje tion. ( ) Top, front and proje tion view [Badarnah 2008℄. . . 85 4.16 Lowerlayersofleavesbendformaximumlightper eption. (a)Lowerleaves β < γ get bigger with smaller in lination ( ). Alternation of 90 degrees is adopted in this plant for more spa e between the layers in order to at h more sun light. (b) The e(cid:27)e t of the in lination, preventing self shading [Badarnah 2008℄ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 4.17 Summary of main organizationalfeatures in leaves for minimum and max- imum light exposure [Badarnah 2008℄ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 4.18 Simpli(cid:28)edversionof urrentshadedevi es. (a&b)horizontalshadedevi es for high angles of radiation. ( ) Verti al shade devi es for low angles of radiation (morning and evening) [Badarnah 2008℄ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 α 4.19 All shadebladeshavethesameangleofin lination( )when(cid:29)ipped. Light gray indi ates the old position and dark gray the new position [Badarnah 2008℄ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 4.20 Left: the four integrated parts shown separately. Right: the parts are atta hed to ea h other reating one system [Badarnah 2010℄ . . . 88 4.21 A ross se tion through the SB showing the deformed veneer (as a rea tiontohumidenvironment)allowingtheairtoenterandventilate the inner spa e [Badarnah 2010℄ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 4.22 An integrated irrigation system to supply moisture. Two irrigating y les (bla k and gray arrows) are a tive when operated [Badarnah 2010℄ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 5.1 Natural world's pro esses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 5.2 Flow hart of the design methodology showing the several phases . . 93 5.3 Proposed key Fun tions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 5.4 Gases move by di(cid:27)usion from high to low on entration. . . . . . . . 97 5.5 Extra ted fun tional model for air regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 5.6 Extra ted fun tional model for heat regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 5.7 Galina eous Bird . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 5.8 Galina eous Birds' mound with automati renewable energy heating 100 5.9 Spiders' web (Mi rathena gra ilis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 5.10 Spiders web's temperature ontrol strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 5.11 Termite mound orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 5.12 Thermosipheon (cid:29)ow mound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 5.13 Porous surfa e of the apped himney mound . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 5.14 Indu ed (cid:29)ow mound [Turner 2008℄ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 5.15 Elements of external Ma rotermes mi haelseni mound stru ture . . . 106 5.16 Internal stru ture of a Ma rotermes mi haelseni mound [Turner 2008℄ . . . 107 5.17 Diagram of termite mound stru ture [Turner 2001℄ . . . . . . . . . . 108 5.18 Passive ooling of a termite mound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 5.19 Bla k tailed prairie dog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

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Ministry of the Superior teaching and the Scientific Research. Mohamed Khider University – Biskra. جامعة محمد خيضر بسكرة. كلية العلوم و التكنولوجيا.
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