Architectural Orientation in the Papyri

262 Pages·2010·5.786 MB·English

by  Robert W. Daniel

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NORDRHEIN-WESTFALEN
ABHANDLUNGEN
DER NORDRHEIN-WESTFALISCHEN AKADEMIE
DER WISSENSCHAFTEN UND DER KUNSTE
Sonderreihe
PAPYROLOGICA COLONIENSIA
Herausgegeben von der
Nordrhein-Westfälischen Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Künste
in Verbindung mit der Universität zu Köln
Vol. XXXIV
PAPYROLOGICA COLONIENSIA - Vol. XXXIV
ARCHITECTURAL ORIENTATION
IN THE PAPYRI
Robert W. Daniel
Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh
Paderborn - München - Wien - Zürich
In Zusammenarbeit mit der Arbeitsstelle fiir Papyrusforschung
im Institut für Altertumskunde
der Universitat zu Kéln
Leiter: Professor Dr. Jürgen Hammerstaedt
Bibliographische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek
Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der
Deutschen Nationalbibliographie; detaillierte bibliographische Daten sind
im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar.
Gedruckt auf umweltfreundlichem, chlorfrei gebleichtem und
alterungsbeständigem Papier &X1SO 9706.
© 2010 Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn
(Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh GmbH & Co. KG, Jühenplatz 1, D-33098 Paderborn)
Internet: www.schoeningh.de
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geschützt.
Jede Verwertung in anderen als den gesetzlich zugelassenen Fällen ist ohne vorherige schriftliche
Zustimmung des Verlages nicht zulässig.
Printed in Germany. Herstellung: Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn
ISBN 978-3-506-77007-3
PREFACE
Some of the problems dealt with in this book first came to my attention
while working with a team of scholars from the University of Michigan on
the Petra papyri at the American Center of Oriental Research in Amman
from 1995 to 2000. The book itself, however, was written in the years since
2000 at the Institut fiir Altertumskunde of the University of Cologne.
Work profited from discussions with several members of the Michigan
team working on the Petra papyri: Robert Caldwell, Traianos Gagos and
especially Ludwig Koenen.
I owe a further debt to many connected with the Cologne Institut fiir
Altertumskunde, to Jiirgen Hammerstaedt and Wolfgang Dieter Lebek for
general advice, to Charikleia Armoni, John Lundon and Georg Petzl for
help in points of detail, and to Antonio Bikié for checking cross-references.
Sophie Geiseler helped to prepare photographic material and diagrams.
Benjamin Cartlidge, Robert Hiibner, Klaus Maresch and Philip Schmitz
kindly took the time to read the entire manuscript and to suggest many
improvements.
Help was also provided by scholars in other departments of the Universi-
ty of Cologne. In the Seminar für Ägyptologie I profited from the assistance
of Anja Kootz, Gesa Schenke and Heinz-Josef Thissen, and from discus-
sions with Philippe Derchain and Martin Ziermann. Theodore Kwasman
(Institut fiir Judaistik) provided advice on Aramaic texts. There were also
discussions with Giinther Binding (Kunsthistorisches Institut, Architektur-
geschichte), Henner von Hesberg (Archäologisches Institut) and José Luis
Garcia Ramon (Institut für Linguistik).
Many others in the fields of papyrology, classical studies, archaeology,
geography and Egyptology deserve mention. They include—I leave their
institutional affiliations aside—John N. Adams (Oxford), Isabella Andorlini
(Parma), Giuseppina Azzarello (Udine), Roger Bagnall (New York), Ruey-
Lin Chang (Strasbourg), Juan Chapa (Pamplona), Hannah Cotton (Jerusa-
lem), Paola Davoli (Lecce), Jean-Luc Fournet (Paris), William Furley
(Heidelberg), Nikolaos Gonis (London), Inga Gotsiridze (Tbilisi), Dieter
Hagedorn (Cologne), Andrea Jördens (Heidelberg), Francisca Hoogendijk
(Leiden), Chrysanthos Kanellopoulos (Athens), James Keenan (Chicago),
VI PREFACE

Nikos Litinas (Ann Arbor), Stephanos Matthaios (Thessalonike), Fritz
Mitthof (Vienna), Giinter Poethke (Berlin), Fabian Reiter (Berlin), Matthias
Ritter (Cologne), Cornelia Römer (Vienna), Maren Schentuleit (Göttingen),
Markus Stein (Diisseldorf) and Christian Tietze (Potsdam).
I extend my thanks to all of the above as well as to the persons and insti-
tutions mentioned under Photo Courtesy (p. 239) for providing images and
permission to publish them.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
INTRODUCTION
ABBREVIATIONS/ SHORT TITLES
NEW OR SPECIALLY-USED ARCHITECTURAL TERMS IN THE
NESSANA PAPYRI
AULE AS ‘HOUSE-PROPERTY’ IN TEXTS WRITTEN
OUTSIDE OF EGYPT
AULE AND RELATED WORDS IN THE PAPYRI FROM EGYPT
BACK TOP. NESSANA 22 AND RELATED MATTERS
SURVEY OF TERMS FOR ARCHITECTURAL ORIENTATION
IN THE GREEK PAPYRI FROM EGYPT
THE USES OF THE TERMS AND THEIR HISTORICAL
SIGNIFICANCE 83
NORTH: THE PREFERRED ORIENTATION OF HOUSES
IN EGYPT 95
THE ORIENTATION OF ROOMS MENTIONED
IN THE SURVEY 114
VENTILATED ROOFTOP PANTRIES 119
THE AITHRION IN THE PAPYR I RECONSIDERED 123
11. THE EXEDRA AS A CLOSABLE STRUCTURE 148
12. OIKOPEDA IN THE PAPYRI 158
ΝΠ TABLE OF CONTENTS

APPENDIX 1. CHRONOLOGICAL OVERVIEW OF TEXTS
CITED IN THE SURVEY 169
APPENDIX 2. CRITICAL NOTES ON PAPYRI 171
APPENDIX 3. FROM LISTS OF ABUTTING PROPERTIES 204
APPENDIX 4. NARROW AIRSHAFTS AND WIND-CATCHERS 208
INDEXES 213
INDEX 1. PAPYRUS EDITIONS CITED IN THE SURVEY 215
INDEX 2. TEXTS DISCUSSED OR REFERRED TO 218
A. LITERARY TEXTS 218
B. GREEK INSCRIPTIONS 220
C. PAPYRI (ARAMAIC, COPTIC, DEMOTIC, GREEK) 220
INDEX 3. GREEK WORDS 225
INDEX 4. SUBJECTS 229
PHOTO COURTESY 239
ADDENDUM TO SURVEY 56: P. ROSS. GEORG. ΠῚ 56, 7 240
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Images of papyri (mainly details) are reproduced on pp. 121, 161, 171, 175-182, 185, 187,
189-192, 195-198 and 240. This material is not listed below, but is signaled by the indica-
tion photo in Index 2.C and is also referred to in Photo Courtesy under the names of the
institutions that provided the images.
Ground-plan of the house described in P. Ness. 22
Chart of wind directions measured at Minya, Egypt
Ground-plans of two houses at el-Lahun (ca. 1900 BC)
Diagram of a typical insula at Dura Europos
Diagram of a typical house at Dura Europos
Block of houses at Oxyrhynchos, based on P. Oxy. XLVI 3300
Ground-plan of a Ptolemaic house at Ghoran
Model of a house at Tel el-Amarna (ca. 1350 BC)
Houses on Ezbekiyyeh lake, Cairo (ca. 1800)
Fiedler, view of Cairo (ca. 1850)
Jéréme, ‘Prayer on the Rooftops’ (1865)
Palace of Elfy Bey, Cairo (ca. 1800)
Villa of Hassan Kashef, Cairo (ca. 1800)
Musafirkhana Palace, from the outside and inside (ca. 1800)
House of Nakht, based on his Book of the Dead (ca. 1350 BC)
House of Nebamun, based on a Theban tomb painting (ca. 1350 BC)
Bedroom with wind-catcher, based on Karnak frieze (ca. 1400 BC)
Clay model of house with wind-catchers (ca. 2000 BC)
Wall painting, villa at Boscotrecase (Augustan period)
Wall paintings, villa at Boscreale (Augustan period)
The “exedra inside the exedra” of P. Lond. V 1768
as open-sided structures (Husson’s diagram) 155
as closed structures, diagrams of an earlier and a later stage 156-157
Χ LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Ground-plans of two houses in Syene,
based on the descriptions in Lond. V 1722 and 1724 202
Airshaft of a 16th-century Egyptian house,
from Alpino’s Historia Aegypti 209
Room ventilated by airshaft in the hermitages near Esna 210
Monks’ cells ventilated by airshafts at the
Monastery of Apa Jermias at Saqqara 211