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ARCHITECTURAL FACTORS FOR INFECTION AND DISEASE CONTROL This edited collection explores disease transmission and the ways that the designed environment has promoted or limited its spread. It discusses the many design factors that can be used for infection and disease control through lenses of history, public health, building technology, design, and education. This book calls on designers to consider the role of the built environment as the primary source of bacterial, viral, and fungal transfers through fomites, ventilation systems, and overcrowding and spatial organization. Through 19 original contributions, it provides an array of perspectives to understand how the designed environment may offer a reprieve from disease. The authors build a historical foundation of infection and disease, using examples ranging from lazarettos to leprosy centers to show how the ability to control infection and disease has long been a concern for humanity. The book goes on to discuss disease propagation, putting forth a variety of ideas to control the transmission of pathogens, including environmental design strategies, pedestrian dynamics, and open space. Its final chapters serve as a prospective way forward, focusing on COVID-19 and the built environment in a post-pandemic world. Written for students and academics of architecture, design, and urban planning, this book ignites creative action on the ways to design our built environment differently and more holistically. Please note that research on COVID-19 has exponentially grown since this volume was written in October 2020. References cited reflect the evolving nature of research studies at that time. AnnaMarie Bliss is a lecturer in Architecture at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign teaching design studios, foundational design principles, history and theory, and research methods for environmental designers. Her scholarship concentrates on health and well-being in design. Dr. Bliss is also the founder and principal of Bliss Historic Preservation and Consulting, a historic preservation architecture firm. Her research and practice projects address the socio-spatial and haptic aspects of preservation design triggering changes in the environmental perception of users and how health sciences play a role in design development. Dr. Bliss has been awarded national and international recognitions for her work including the Alpha Rho Chi Medal of Honor, the P.E.O. Scholar Award, and the King Medal for Excellence and the 2020 Dissertation Award from the Architectural Research Centers Consortium. Dak Kopec is an architectural psychologist and associate professor at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Dak has authored several books and is credited with researching, developing, and administering the first low-residency graduate program focused on designs for human health at the Boston Architectural College. He has also served as a visiting professor at the University of Hawaii with a joint position in schools’ architecture and medicine. In 2017, he won IDEC’s Community Service Award for the design of a group home for people with developmental disabilities and early- onset dementia. Today, Dak is calling on his diverse educational background in health sciences, psychology, and architecture to promote interdisciplinary and person-centered design. ARCHITECTURAL FACTORS FOR INFECTION AND DISEASE CONTROL Edited by AnnaMarie Bliss and Dak Kopec Cover image: Getty Images First published 2023 by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 and by Routledge 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2023 selection and editorial matter, AnnaMarie Bliss and Dak Kopec; individual chapters, the contributors The right of AnnaMarie Bliss and Dak Kopec to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Bliss, AnnaMarie, editor. | Kopec, Dak, editor. Title: Architectural factors for infection and disease control /edited by AnnaMarie Bliss and Dak Kopec. Description: New York, NY : Routledge, 2023. | Includes bibliographical references. Identifiers: LCCN 2022010088 | ISBN 9781032102665 (hardback) | ISBN 9781032102672 (paperback) | ISBN 9781003214502 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Buildings—Health aspects. | Architecture—Health aspects. | Environmental health. | Communicable diseases—Transmission—Prevention. Classification: LCC RA566.6 .A73 2023 | DDC 613/.5—dc23/eng/20220617 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022010088 ISBN: 978-1-032-10266-5 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-10267-2 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-21450-2 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9781003214502 Typeset in Bembo by Apex CoVantage, LLC This book is dedicated to human’s best friends – the dogs and cats and other nonhuman friends who have helped us all during our COVID-19 quarantine. A special acknowledgment for our best dog friends Teddie Bliss and Rhydian Kayzar-Kopec. CONTENTS List of Figures ix List of Charts and Tables xii Contributor Biographies xiii Preface xviii 1 Infection and Disease Transmission: Pandemics, Epidemics, and Outbreaks 1 Dak Kopec and Marisela Thompson 2 Isolation, Quarantine, Infection Control: Architecture and Planning in Service to Public Health 13 John Michael Currie 3 The Social Construction of Airborne Infections 30 Jessica Cassyle Carr 4 Distancing and Colonial Design: Segregated Asylums to Control Leprosy in Suriname 43 Stephen Snelders, Henk Menke and Toine Pieters 5 Pine Forest and Sunlight: Alvar Aalto’s Paimio Sanitorium 57 Virginia Cartwright 6 Legionnaires’ Disease and Water Systems: History and Prevention 65 Michelle Brune 7 Infection Control Through Environmental Design 78 Udomiaye Emmanuel, Eze Desy Osondu, and Cheche Kalu viii Contents 8 Infection Risk Mitigation Using Pedestrian Dynamics 93 Ashok Srinivasan and Sirish Namilae 9 Green Infrastructure for Mosquito Control 109 Phillip Zawarus 10 Emergency Department Design in Response to Pandemics: A Systematic Literature Review 126 Hui Cai and Marzia Chowdhury 11 Environmental Role of Open Space in Infection and Disease Control 166 Maryam Ekhtiari and Neda Akbari 12 Viral and Bacterial Infection Prevention Through Intentional Design 177 Debra Harris and Denise N. Williams 13 Disease Control Within High-Traffic Areas: A Series of Mini-Case Studies 192 Rose Mary Botti-Salitsky and Lisa Bonnet DePalma 14 Retail Design in a Post-Pandemic World 210 Bhakti Sharma 15 Future Teaching Design for Pandemic Response 221 AnnaMarie Bliss 16 Architecture Without Prelates, Magistrates, and Admirals: The R3build Pavilion 231 Charles Drozynski 17 Open Learning Spaces: Redefining School Design in a Post-Pandemic World 245 Yandi Andri Yatmo and Paramita Atmodiwirjo 18 Toward Culturally Enriched Communities – COVID-19 Implications 258 Tasoulla Hadjiyanni and Emilie Wambeke 19 Mobile Testing Facilities Inspired by Origami Science 273 Ming Hu Index 285 FIGURES 1.1 Triage hospital field tent 7 1.2 Without a point of reference, statisticians can easily inflate or devalue the meaning behind numbers 8 2.1 Two views Leprosaria in the United States ca. 1900–1917 17 2.2 Plan and views Lazaretto at Venice, Baltimore Lazzaretto lighthouse, and Staten Island quarantine station ca. 1423–1914 20 2.3 London fever hospital and Provincial isolation hospital ca. 1848–1915 22 2.4 Tuberculosis hospitals in the United States ca. 1910–1915 23 2.5 Monastic hospital at Ewelme, England, ca. 1457–1460 25 2.6 View and plan of the Narrenturm, Vienna, Austria, ca. 1784 25 3.1 Sunmount Sanatorium, Santa Fe 34 3.2 Cottage exterior No. 13 37 3.3 Presbyterian sanatorium cottages 38 4.1 Map of Suriname with the capital Paramaribo and the leprosy settlements Batavia and Bethesda 44 4.2 Schematic map of the leprosy colony Batavia 45 4.3 Batavia dwellings 47 4.4 Schematic map of the leprosy colony Bethesda 49 4.5 Leprosy asylum Bethesda 50 4.6 Leprosy colony Bethesda 51 4.7 Bethesda 52 4.8 Bethesda 53 6.1 Legionella pneumophila bacteria 66 6.2 Joseph E. McDade, PhD (left) and Charles C. Shepard, MD, of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 68 7.1 Example of corridor nook earlier proposed and being used by some hospitals 83 7.2 Corridor width as recommended by the UKDH 84 7.3 Suggested minimum corridor width 84 7.4 Example of an open-end corridor 85 7.5 Example of the courtyard approach 85