Architectural Acoustics PDF
Preview Architectural Acoustics
Architectural Acoustics J. Ross Publishing; All Rights Reserved Classics TITLES IN THE SERIES Architectural Acoustics M. David Egan ISBN 13: 978-1-932159-78-3, ISBN 10: 1-932159-78-9, 448 pages Earth Anchors By Braja M. Das ISBN 13: 978-1-932159-72-1, ISBN 10: 1-932159-72-X, 242 pages Limit Analysis and Soil Plasticity By Wai-Fah Chen ISBN 13: 978-1-932159-73-8, ISBN 10: 1-932159-73-8, 638 pages Plasticity in Reinforced Concrete By Wai-Fah Chen ISBN 13: 978-1-932159-74-5, ISBN 10: 1-932159-74-6, 474 pages Plasticity for Structural Engineers By Wai-Fah Chen & Da-Jian Han ISBN 13: 978-1-932159-75-2, ISBN 10: 1-932159-75-4, 606 pages Theoretical Foundation Engineering By Braja M. Das ISBN 13: 978-1-932159-71-4, ISBN 10: 1-932159-71-1, 440 pages Theory of Beam-Columns,Volume 1: Space Behavior and Design By Wai-Fah Chen & Toshio Atsuta ISBN 13: 978-1-932159-77-6, ISBN 10: 1-932159-77-0, 732 pages Theory of Beam-Columns,Volume 2: In-Plane Behavior and Design By Wai-Fah Chen & Toshio Atsuta ISBN 13: 978-1-932159-76-2, ISBN 10: 1-932159-76-9, 513 pages J. Ross Publishing; All Rights Reserved Architectural Acoustics by M. David Egan J. Ross Publishing; All Rights Reserved Copyright ©2007 by M.David Egan ISBN-10:1-932159-78-9 ISBN-13:978-1-932159-78-3 Printed and bound in the U.S.A.Printed on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This J.Ross Publishing edition,first published in 2007,is an unabridged republication of the work originally published by McGraw-Hill,1988. Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Egan,M.David.,1941- Architectural acoustics / by M.David Egan. p.cm. Reprint.Originally published:New York :McGraw-Hill,c1988. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-10:1-932159-78-9 (pbk :alk.paper) ISBN-13:978-1-932159-78-3(pbk :alk.paper) 1. Acoustical engineering.2. Architectural acoustics. I.Title. TA365.E33 2007 729'.29—dc22 2006101133 This publication contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources.Reprinted material is used with permission,and sources are indicated.Reasonable effort has been made to publish reliable data and information,but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity ofall materials or for the consequences oftheir use. All rights reserved.Neither this publication nor any part thereof may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted in any form or by any means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording or other- wise,without the prior written permission ofthe publisher. The copyright owner’s consent does not extend to copying for general distribution for promotion,for cre- ating new works,or for resale.Specific permission must be obtained from J.Ross Publishing for such purposes. Direct all inquiries to J.Ross Publishing,Inc.,5765 N.Andrews Way,Fort Lauderdale,FL 33309. Phone:(954) 727-9333 Fax:(561) 892-0700 Web:www.jrosspub.com J. Ross Publishing; All Rights Reserved Jennie E. Brown (1887-1966) J. Ross Publishing; All Rights Reserved J. Ross Publishing; All Rights Reserved About the Author M. David Egan, P.E., is a consultant in acoustics and part-time professor at the College of Architecture, Clemson University. He has worked as a con sultant in acoustics for Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN) in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and has been principal consultant of his own firm in Anderson, South Carolina for over 15 years. His firm has consulted on over 400 building projects in the United States and abroad. A graduate of Lafay ette College (B.S.) and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.S.), where he studied acoustics under the late Professor Robert B. Newman, Pro fessor Egan also has taught at Tulane University, Georgia Institute of Tech nology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, and Washington University (St. Louis), and has lectured at numerous schools of design. He is the author of several books in the area of architectural technologies, including Concepts in Architectural Acoustics (McGraw-Hill, "[97 2), Concepts in Thermal Comfort (Prentice-Hall, 1975), Concepts in Building Firesafety (Wiley-lnter- science, 1978 and Kajima Institute, Tokyo, 1981), and Concepts in Architec tural Lighting (McGraw-Hill, 1983). In addition to consulting, teaching, and writing. Professor Egan is a fellow of the Acoustical Society of America (ASA), former director and two-term vice president of the National Council of Acoustical Consultants (NCAC), associate editor for NOISE/NEWS pub lished by the Institute of Noise Control Engineering (INCE), and national awards coordinator for The Robert Bradford Newman Student Award Fund, Lincoln Center, Massachusetts. VII J. Ross Publishing; All Rights Reserved J. Ross Publishing; All Rights Reserved Contents Foreword xiii Reverberation Time 62 Preface XV Optimum Reverberation Time 64 Acknowledgements xvii Example Problem (Reverberation Time) 65 Introduction xix How to Compute Surface Areas 67 Room Noise Reduction 69 Chapter 1: BASIC THEORY 1 Example Problem (Room Noise Reduction) 70 Sound and Vibration 2 Noise Reduction for High-Noise Environments 72 Frequency of Sound 4 Transondent Facings 74 Wavelength 5 Perforated Facings 75 Sound Spectrum 6 Protective Facings for Wall Absorption 77 Velocity of Sound 7 Resonant Panels 78 Frequency Ranges of Audible Sounds 8 Suggested Sound-Absorbing Treatment for Rooms 79 Sensitivity of Hearing 9 Checklist for Effective Absorption of Sound 80 Inverse-Square Law 10 Decibels 12 Chapter 3: ROOM ACOUSTICS 81 Common Sounds in Decibels 13 Ancient Theaters 82 Noise Reduction with Distance 14 Directivity Contours for Speech 83 Logarithms Made Easy 15 Audience Seating 84 Example Problem (Inverse-Square Law) 19 Sight Line Basics 85 Changes in Sound Level 21 Sight Line Layouts 86 Example Problem (Music Man) 22 Checklist for Lecture Rooms 88 Decibel Addition 23 Reflection, Diffusion, and Diffraction 89 Human Ear 25 Wavelength and Frequency for Sound in Air 91 Noise Exposure Limits 27 Pattern of Reflected Sound 93 Loudness Perception 29 Ray Diagrams 95 Sound Level Meters 30 Ray-Diagram Graphics 97 A-Weighted Sound Levels 31 Sound Paths in Auditoriums 98 Sound Spectra for Common Noises 33 Ceilings 100 Noise Level Data 34 Echoes 101 Decibel Scales for Sound Intensity, Pressure, and Power 36 Echo Control Principles 102 Rear-Wall Echo Control Treatment 104 Chapter 2: SOUND ABSORPTION 37 Side Walls 105 Sound-Absorbing Treatment 38 Patterns of Reverberant Decay 108 Noise Reduction Outdoors and Within Enclosures 39 Articulation Index 110 Effect of Adding Sound-Absorbing Treatment to Rooms 41 Flutter Echo 112 Sound Absorption Coefficient 42 Small Rooms 113 Reverberation Rooms 44 Concave Surfaces 115 Effect of Thickness on Absorption Efficiency 46 Sound Reflectors 117 Relative Efficiency of Sound Absorbers 47 Checklist for Worship Spaces 119 Noise Reduction Coefficient 50 Air Absorption 123 Example Problem (NRC Computation) 51 Checklist for Multipurpose Auditoriums 124 Sound Absorption Data for Common Building Materials How to Compute Cubic Volume 127 and Furnishings 52 Example Problem (Volume Computation) 129 Laboratory Test Mountings 55 Example Problem (Reverberation Times) 131 Prefabricated Sound-Absorbing Materials 57 Optimum Reverberation Time 133 Area Effect for Spaced Sound Absorbers 59 Variable Sound Absorbers 134 Suspended Sound-Absorbing Panels and Units 60 Variable Volume Examples 136 Applications for Sound-Absorbing Materials 61 Basic Theater Stages 138 IX J. 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