1 Archetypes and The Hobbit: A focus on making fantasy to reality connections Unit designed by Liz Glinski, Jenn Gokie, and Shane Kleier *Overview of Revision: When revising our unit, our focus was on tying the lessons more directly to the core novel. In our original draft, we were a bit too concerned with our bridging texts and the full scope of the unit that we were not as tied to the text we were making the connections with. In revision, we streamlined the scope a bit more to hone in on the novel. We didn’t want to go too narrow so that we lose one of our main aims of making fantasy to reality connections, so revision was very much a balancing act between our core text and our bridging texts. And perhaps we should have erred a bit more on the side of The Hobbit, but inherent in almost all of our lesson designs, even reality discussion over the archetypes, is a drawing heavily from the novel—it is very much our base. To tie in with the reading and to maintain accountability, we implemented the use of double entry journaling, which will serve as bell work to orient each class and make explicit the connections to the text. The double entry journals will also be a way to preface and focus the reading for that night. In week three where we were largely thinking outside of the text, we now use the reading more directly while maintaining those pathways for outside connections. As far as the issue of stereotyping we were going to work with in conjunction with the text, that has now been removed to create more time to discuss the reading. These are the big picture changes, but there are others scattered throughout the revised unit. 2 Introduction of the Unit This unit is focused on the use of archetypes as a tool in literature as well as in the real world. Our goal is for students to realize how seemingly irrelevant literature (such as texts from the canon, Shakespearean plays, or in this case, fantasy literature) can apply to their daily lives. We spend class time discussing several archetypes, but focus on the hero, mentor, and trickster, and how each plays a role within plot and society. We want students to see the connections between literature and their lives and how influences like the media and culture change impressions of people and events. Some problems that might come up within this unit include a failure to see archetypes and stereotypes as similar tools, in literature and real life respectively. Considering a large portion of the unit is focused on connecting fantasy to reality, if students fail to or refuse to grasp the connection between the two phenomena (stereotypes and archetypes) the unit will be a struggle to complete. Another risk lies in all students sharing the same opinion about certain characters. This unit is heavily character analysis driven, and some days rely on students having different opinions, such as the Socratic Circle discussion. If everyone agrees that Bilbo has developed from the reluctant hero than the discussion, and a few of the assignments, might fall short of their intended mark. However, the benefits of students finding relevance in literature vastly outweighs the risks. The intended student body this unit is aimed at would be freshmen or sophomores within the Lincoln Public School district. However, we chose to use the common core standards (http://www.corestandards.org/) so it could be more easily adapted for other schools. This unit has a relatively heavy reading and writing workload, and therefore would probably be aimed at honors students. However, the unit could easily be adapted for any group of students, as none of the assignments or discussions are beyond the average 9th grader’s abilities. Students will meet for fifty minutes each day (Monday through Friday) as outlined in the calendar. Previous to this unit students will have had a short story unit, where they learned how to analyze characters, plot, and authorial intent through literary devices. After this and the previous units, which focused on interpreting literature, students will begin a new unit focusing on the research essay and interpreting informative and persuasive texts, as well as writing them. 3 Standards Addressed in Unit Reading Standards: ● CCSS.ELALiteracy.RL.910.3 Analyze how complex characters (e.g., those with multiple or conflicting motivations) develop over the course of a text, interact with other characters, and advance the plot or develop the theme. ● CCSS.ELALITERACY.RL.910.2: Determine a theme or central idea of a text and analyze in detail its development over the course of the text, including how it emerges and is shaped and refined by specific details; provide an objective summary of the text. ● CCSS.ELALITERACY.RL.910.5 Analyze how an author's choices concerning how to structure a text, order events within it (e.g., parallel plots), and manipulate time (e.g., pacing, flashbacks) create such effects as mystery, tension, or surprise. ● CCSS.ELALITERACY.RI.910.3 Analyze how the author unfolds an analysis or series of ideas or events, including the order in which the points are made, how they are introduced and developed, and the connections that are drawn between them. ● CCSS.ELALITERACY.RI.910.5 Analyze in detail how an author's ideas or claims are developed and refined by particular sentences, paragraphs, or larger portions of a text (e.g., a section or chapter). Writing Standards: ● CCSS.ELALITERACY.W.910.1 Write arguments to support claims in an analysis of substantive topics or texts, using valid reasoning and relevant and sufficient evidence. ○ CCSS.ELALITERACY.W.910.1.C Use words, phrases, and clauses to link the major sections of the text, create cohesion, and clarify the relationships between claim(s) and reasons, between reasons and evidence, and between claim(s) and counterclaims. ○ CCSS.ELALITERACY.W.910.1.E Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the argument presented. ● CCSS.ELALITERACY.W.910.3 Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique, wellchosen details, and wellstructured event sequences. ○ CCSS.ELALITERACY.W.910.3.B Use narrative techniques, such as dialogue, pacing, description, reflection, and multiple plot lines, to develop experiences, events, and/or characters. ○ CCSS.ELALITERACY.W.910.3.D Use precise words and phrases, telling details, and sensory language to convey a vivid picture of the experiences, events, setting, and/or characters. ○ CCSS.ELALITERACY.W.910.3.E Provide a conclusion that follows from and reflects on what is experienced, observed, or resolved over the course of the narrative. ● CCSS.ELALITERACY.W.910.5 Develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, 4 revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach, focusing on addressing what is most significant for a specific purpose and audience. Language Standards: ● CCSS.ELALITERACY.L.910.1 Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking. ○ CCSS.ELALITERACY.L.910.1.B Use various types of phrases (noun, verb, adjectival, adverbial, participial, prepositional, absolute) and clauses (independent, dependent; noun, relative, adverbial) to convey specific meanings and add variety and interest to writing or presentations ● CCSS.ELALITERACY.L.910.2 Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing. ○ CCSS.ELALITERACY.L.910.2.C Spell correctly. ● CCSS.ELALITERACY.L.910.5 Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings. ○ CCSS.ELALITERACY.L.910.5.A Interpret figures of speech (e.g., euphemism, oxymoron) in context and analyze their role in the text. 5 Understandings/Big Ideas Understandings/Big Ideas ● Students will be able to recognize how characters develop through interactions between other characters and the progression of the plot. ● Students will be able to use character analysis to interpret a text. ● Students will be able to write arguments to develop real or fictional textbased events to support claims made through reasoning and analysis of a text. Essential Questions ● What role do character archetypes play in literature and the world? ● How do we change as a result of people/events in our lives? ● What defines a hero? How does that change us? ● How do archetypes show themselves in our real world? As teachers, we are in the business of making meaning. Lesson design is predicated on moving students toward a greater understanding of the core material and ideas. The big ideas and focus of our unit is on helping students better understand characters in literature in order to make connections to real life. The meaning making is based on examining a novel, The Hobbit, one that may seem more like an epic movie series to some students than a text whose characters and actions help inform a larger picture of the world we live in. The lessons of Middle Earth will become relevant for us on Earth. The process of making meaning through character analysis and application to the real world is meant to move students toward a state of authentic learning. In order to prevent a mere banking of character study, the unit’s big ideas are centered on problemposing education championed by Paolo Freire in Pedagogy of the Oppressed. Students will refine their thinking through the questions posed in a dialogue. “Authentic thinking, thinking that is concerned about reality, does not take place in ivory tower isolation, but only in communication” (Freire 77). It is through communication about topics of heroism, obligation and choice, good and evil, even other cultures that students will make meaning out of a text that has relevancy to their own lives. Why we want students to understand the ideas of the unit is to create knowledgeinaction. “Knowledge arises out of participating in ongoing conversations about things that matter…” (Applebee 3). Our focus on character, the roles people fill, is a reflection of life; connections to life matter. It gives learning its authenticity. By considering why students fill a certain role in life is one way the text connects to reality in authentic and 6 meaningful ways. Knowledgeinaction is a universe of cultural activity with characteristic ways of knowing and doing—frameworks of learning—based on characteristic content. Those frameworks generated through dialogue and extended literary analysis serve our unit. With any frameworks forming modes of discourse around a unit’s big ideas, the unit should not just read about a topic. The frameworks for thinking about new situations, even one such as The Hobbit that may seem irrelevant to academic contexts, should develop with students’ new experiences with a topic (Smagorinsky 118). Our big ideas and essential questions are meant to offer new modes of discourse for the topic, connecting the discipline of English with the unexpected potential for learning Middle Earth offers. 7 Enabling Knowledge and Skills ● Interpretation ● Application ● Characterization ● Reflection Interpretation McTighe and Wiggins state, “Interpretation involves translating ideas, feelings, or work done in one medium to another” (164). This unit has a strong focus on bringing fantasy and fiction into reality. The main text for this unit is The Hobbit and almost every character is easily analyzed through an archetypal lens. The archetypes of the main characters are discussed in frequent class discussions; the minor characters are analyzed through a character sketch, where students must be able to interpret a character’s speech and actions in order to come to an understanding of that character. With each discussion, the students are asked to think and voice their opinions about how these aspects fit into their lives. Along with translating these ideas into reality, the students use supplemental texts as other mediums for interpreting archetypes and stereotypes in our world. If a student is unable to dictate why an idea matters in the bigger picture, there is little purpose to the reading or lesson. Because of the importance of interpretation as not only an academic skill, but a life skill, there are specific assessments to encourage and reassure understanding throughout this unit. An example is the Informal Hero Response is focused specifically on the individual interpretation of the student after a dictionary analysis and discussion with the class. Giving the students background and time for critical thinking strengthens their interpretation of any given subject or idea. Through these translations, students more easily and deeply understand the significance these concepts hold in The Hobbit. Application The ability to apply knowledge gained to other contexts is essential to the classroom learning process. It is a skill that allows for students to engage with a text, theme, or concept in the classroom and then translate it into a new context. Application, or transfer, helps students connect literature and writing to other texts, as well as completely different disciplines. This translation of knowledge is important because it is impossible to cover every possible situation in any one topic. Therefore students should be taught and assessed on this ability to transfer their understandings. Students should use their individual thoughts and unique experiences when applying 8 understandings to new contexts. Teachers can cultivate this ability to apply understandings by modeling this strategy, and guiding students through the process with explicit instructions. While it is unhelpful to directly tell students what to do, it is important that they understand the context of the new situation so that they can apply their understanding. Characterization Understanding how author’s use characterization is an important perspective to have when reading any work. It is necessary for the entire unit as each character is classified as one or more types of archetypes. Understanding characterization outside the text is also essential as students will be expected to make real life connections to characters in The Hobbit as a way to better understand and relate to these characters. There are two assignments that focus specifically on characterization. The first is a character sketch where students are required to characterized a minor character in the text explaining it’s archetype, character, and impact he has in the journey and story. The second part includes this same kind of analysis but on a classmate who plays a minor role in his or her life. The second assignment that specifically focuses on characterization is the character assemblage. Students are required to engage with the text through picking out significant quotes and passages that support a specific character’s archetype and qualities. These two assignments emphasize the importance of characterization and will help students get into a routine of closely analyzing each and every character in a story and throughout their lives. Characterization is an ability that is useful and fundamental when interpreting, applying, and reflecting on texts and life. Reflection Sincere reflection is a necessary skill in order for students to enhance their own learning potential. Thoughtful reflection on any number of topics will promote a higher understanding about those topics. It is a way for students to refine their thinking through a further internal synthesis of course material. They can challenge their own perceptions of a topic or reflect on material as a way to process information for the first time. While it is an enabling skill for almost any educational context, the specifics of this unit require student reflection on a variety of topics. Reaching the central understandings of this unit is predicated on reflection given how connected to the individual many of the lessons are. Texttoself analysis along with other reflective connectors like texttotext and texttoworld analysis will bring the lesson designs in line with the enabling skill of reflection. These connections are components of informal classroom discussion and writing, as well as the formal assessments. Whether it is an exit slip enabling students to think about their own understanding or a reflection letter enabling students to think about their own growth 9 with regards to a topic, the skill set of reflection will be reinforced. Gaining a greater ability to selfreflect is a goal by the time students finish the unit. Given how connected reflection is to life and learning in general, reflection will serve as a very transferrable skill to other contexts. The very nature of writing is so dominated by an internal almost subconscious reflection that enabling this skill will prove invaluable toward reaching academic standards. 10 Assessments, Collected Evidence, & Criteria Personal Narrative Essay The personal narrative essay will serve as an assessment of students’ understanding about character archetypes. Much of the focus in week one is given to the various archetypes. Students will demonstrate their grasp of these archetypal components by connecting them with their own life. Not only does it connect with archetypal study, but it also includes the more existential focus of whether a character’s role is a product of their circumstances or whether there’s a choice in the role they fill. The purpose of the assessment is to connect our big ideas for the unit. One of our essential questions considers whether we change as a result of the people and events in our lives, which gets to the heart over the circumstances behind the archetypal roles we fill. Moreover, a predominating focus throughout the unit is connecting fiction to real life and learning from those connections. This narrative essay by combining the textual information we read about in class with the real world experiences of the students will serve our big ideas and enabling skills perfectly. Behind the purpose is the assessment’s connection to the six facets of understanding (Wiggins and McTighe 85102). Explanation is used to express what the character archetypes are. Interpretation is used by bringing the text components to life within the students’ own backgrounds, while application is used to match the content with realworld relevance. Perspective is required to consider what other factors may have led to their character roles. Empathy is assessed in the way that students value the people and events in their life that led to the circumstances of their roles, and finally selfknowledge is integral to the personal reflection on the part of the student. The criteria for this assessment are clearly laid out in the rubric created for this assessment. Students will need to connect past experiences with archetypal roles they have filled. Critical to the assignment is connecting the big idea of what circumstances led to those roles in order to coincide with the character questionnaire given on the very first day of the unit. This criterion for evaluation is used in order balance what was learned prior to the assessment and what was learned after. While a first draft is turned in early in the unit, the narrative essay will be revised for the final portfolio based on the further expanded upon concepts of archetypes and the circumstances that influence them. Character Assemblage As an extension from the character sketch assignment, students will be asked to create a character assemblage. They will be asked to focus on one character, selecting several passages from The Hobbit that show that character’s archetypal characteristics. In
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