Archaeology - July/August 2022

74 Pages·2022·55.5 MB·English

Chicago: Hidden History of the 1893 World’s Fair
archaeology.org A publication of the Archaeological Institute of America July/August 2022
Who Built the
Pyramids?
Resisting
the Aztec
Empire
Origins
of the
Philistines
Native
American
Eagle Mounds
PLUS:
Oldest Maya Calendar
Roman Currency Crisis
Civil War Bomb
China’s First Buddhas
WHAT WILL YOU EXPERIENCE WHEN TRAVELING WITH ARCHAEOLOGICAL PATHS?
For years, Archaeological Paths’ exclusive Archaeological Paths promises to completely
historical tours of Egypt have attracted tra- change the way visitors explore the country
“Egypt’s treasures velers drawn to the country’s ancient past. DVWKHFRPSDQ\EHQHĆWVIURPDQXQSDUDOOHOHG
and cultural heritage For many, cruising down the Nile, visiting level of access. Archaeological Paths takes you
have fascinated people the ancient tombs of the pharaohs, exploring where the general public can’t go, in the com-
for centuries, and no one the Pyramids of Giza, or marveling at the pany of the world’s foremost archaeologists.
can tour Egypt quite like Great Sphinx are bucket-list items. But the And, in true royal style, all of this is paired with
Archaeological Paths. challenge of fulfilling a much-longed-for stays at former palaces, cruises on luxurious
I do believe that the name dream is that the experience must match – ships, and meals at the most exquisite local
of this company should or better, exceed – expectations. restaurants.
go down in history,
written in gold, for
its contribution
to promoting the legacy
of ancient Egypt.”
Dr. Zahi Hawass
The world’s most famous archaeologist
The Great Sphinx Enclosure The Presidential Abdeen Palace
Now it’s time to take a closer look at what makes these experiences extraordinary.
From Founder and CEO of Archaeological Paths, *U]HJRU]3RSÊDZVNL
“
At Archaeological Paths, our approach to luxury travel differs from other companies.
We have changed the way the travel industry operates by offering unforgettable,
unsurpassed, and unique experiences. Combined with our passion for history and explo-
ration, this is one of the things that makes us distinct among tour companies.
Our guests have exclusive access to exceptional sites. Imagine Luxor Temple, the Valley
of the Kings, or the entire Giza Plateau open just for you. For most visitors, a distant
viewing platform is as close to the Great Sphinx as they’ll get. With us, you can touch the
Sphinx and stand between its paws as you watch the sunrise, a time when no one else
is allowed at the site.
You can enjoy a VIP tour of the Grand Egyptian Museum or private entry to the Great
Pyramid of Khufu, including a visit to the Queen’s and Subterranean Chambers – both
FORVHGWRWKHSXEOLF<RXèOOKDYHVSHFLDODFFHVVWRWKFHQWXU\SDODFHVWKDWDUHRIĆFLDO
residences of the Egyptian president.
Another feature of our tours – not
offered by any other company –
is that we invite our guests to meet
with individuals who shape history.
Hearing from these knowledge-
able experts is an experience like
no other. These figures include the
world’s most famous archaeologist,
Dr. Zahi Hawass, and Egypt’s
Secretary-General of the Supreme
Council of Antiquities, Dr. Mostafa
Waziri, presently responsible for all
antiquities and archaeological sites
in Egypt. There is no one better
equipped to tell you about the most
Dr. Mostafa Waziri shows the temple of Khonsu, which is off-limits to the public
recent discoveries.
With us, you’ll visit active excavation sites For example, in 2021, one of the best years
such as Taposiris Magna, the possible resting for Egypt in terms of new archaeological
place of Cleopatra, the last queen of Egypt, discoveries, Dr. Hawass found the “Lost
or the Tombs of the Pyramid Builders at Giza. Golden City” in Luxor. This is now regarded
This site entirely changed the established as the second most important Egyptian
understanding of how the pyramids were built. archaeological discovery after Tutankhamun’s
Imagine visiting this place in the company tomb. Our guests were there before the dis-
of the very person who discovered it, giving covery was even announced.
you unrivaled insight into Egypt’s ancient past. Taposiris Magna
Later that year, Egypt reopened the Southern
In addition to special access to some of the Tomb of King Djoser at Saqqara after a 15-year
most iconic archaeological sites in Egypt renovation. Archaeological Paths’ guests were We may take you to a tomb
already included in our tours’ itineraries, in for a real treat as they enjoyed exclusive that was discovered literally
there are always some surprises in store DFFHVVWRWKHVLWHEHIRUHLWVRIĆFLDORSHQLQJ
a few days earlier or a tem-
for our guests.
ple that will remain closed to
And in December 2018, the 4,400-year-
tourists for years to come.
old tomb of Wahtye, a high-ranking priest,
was discovered at Saqqara. The vibrant
colors in the tomb were almost pristine,
which even archaeologists found surprising. Opportunities like this make our itineraries
The moment we learned that a new tomb had WKHPRVWH[FOXVLYHDQGOX[XULRXV\RXFDQĆQG
been found, we knew our guests had to wit- I always say that you might visit Egypt only
ness it. That very day, our guests, along with once in your life, so you should have the rich-
Dr. Waziri and Dr. Hawass, explored est experience possible and see things in the
this tomb. Since then, Archaeological Paths most intimate way. We want to create a trip
is one of the only companies allowed to lead ĆOOHGZLWKPHPRULHVWKDWZLOOODVWDOLIHWLPH
its guests there. Imagine being one of the Whenever you hear about a new discovery
very few people in the world who have had in Egypt, we are there, together with our
the opportunity to enter this ancient burial guests, providing the best access not only
chamber. Don’t be surprised, then, when you to ancient sites but also to all of Egypt’s
are a part of a similar experience during your hidden treasures. ”
tour. With us, you can expect the unexpected!
Now you can be a part
www.archaeologicalpaths.com
of Archaeological Paths’
917-724-2772
exclusive experiences!
Book your tour today. [email protected]
Tomb of Wahtye
JULY/AUGUST 2022 • VOLUME 75, NUMBER 4
CONTENTS
44 Bird’s-eye view of the World’s Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893
FEATURES
26 JOURNEYS OF THE 44 A TICKET TO THE
PYRAMID BUILDERS WORLD’S FAIR
The story of the highly skilled workers who Excavating the hidden traces of Chicago’s 1893
helped build Egypt’s Great Pyramid is emerging World’s Columbian Exposition
from a papyrus cache unearthed at the BY JARRETT A. LOBELL
world’s oldest harbor
50 THE PHILISTINE AGE
BY DANIEL WEISS
Archaeologists are reconsidering the origins and
34 CITY POLITICS
history of a much-maligned ancient people
In sixteenth-century Mexico, the democratic BY ILAN BEN ZION
city-state of Tlaxcallan thrived in the face
of Aztec imperialism
BY ROGER ATWOOD
40 BEAUTY UNDER BRUGES
Cover: The pyramids of (front to back) the pharaohs
Menkaure, Khafre, and Khufu tower over Egypt’s Giza
Vibrant paintings discovered in forgotten crypts
Plateau. The small pyramids in the foreground may have
reflect the rise of Belgium’s first great medieval city
served as tombs for Menkaure’s queens.
BY MARLEY BROWN PHOTO: ADOBESTOCK
2 ARCHAEOLOGY • July/August 2022
16 14
20
17
18
12
DEPARTMENTS LETTER FROM GEORGIA
4 EDITOR’S LETTER 57 SOARING WITH STONE
EAGLES
6 FROM THE PRESIDENT
A complex of Native American rock mounds bears
witness to the endurance of ancient traditions
8 LETTERS
BY ERIC A. POWELL
The many uses of pots, surviving California’s missions,
and weapons wielded by demons
9 DIGS & DISCOVERIES
Radiocarbon revolution, saffron’s origins, currency
crisis in Rome, Sumerian sailboats, and a live
Civil War bomb ARCHAEOLOGY.ORG
22 OFF THE GRID Q M ORE FROM THE ISSUE To see more images of Pecos
River Style rock art speech-breath, go to archaeology.org/
Jarlshof, Shetland, Scotland
pecos-speech. To see more images from this issue’s Digs &
Discoveries, go to archaeology.org/ja22digs.
24 AROUND THE WORLD
Notre Dame’s dignitaries, Bronze Age daggers, the Q A RCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS Get daily headlines from
around the world and sign up for our e-Update.
world’s biggest quake, a lost snowshoe, and
50,000-year-old Australians
Q F OLLOW US
68 ARTIFACT
Q INTERACTIVE DIGS Track ongoing work at
interactivedigs.com.
A portable connection
archaeology.org 3
EDITOR’S LETTER
BUILT TO LAST
Editor in Chief
Jarrett A. Lobell
Deputy Editor Executive Editor
Eric A. Powell Daniel Weiss
Senior Editor Associate Editor
Benjamin Leonard Marley Brown
F Editorial Assistant
Malin Grunberg Banyasz
or archaeologists, the remnants of buildings can be as rich with meaning as any ancient
text. In this issue, you will read about an extraordinary variety of buildings and what
Creative Director
they tell us about the motivations and lives of the pharaohs, politicos, merchants,
Richard Bleiweiss
and citizens who commissioned and constructed them. In the cover story, “Journeys of the
Maps
481
Pyramid Builders,” you will encounter the workers who built the ĥIRRWĥKLJK*UHDW3\UDPLG Ken Feisel
4 500
DW*L]DIRUWKH(J\SWLDQSKDUDRK.KXIXPRUHWKDQ , years ago. For
FHQWXULHVVFKRODUVħDQGDQ\RQHZKRKDVHYHUVHHQLWħKDYHSX]]OHG Contributing Editors
Roger Atwood, Paul Bahn,
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Bob Brier, Karen Coates,
to learn not just the fascinating details of its construction, but
Andrew Curry, Blake Edgar,
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Brian Fagan, David Freidel,
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Tom Gidwitz, Andrew Lawler,
to encase the pyramid.
Stephen H. Lekson,
More than four millennia later, Chicago’s leaders built an Jerald T. Milanich, Samir S. Patel,
entire city to attract visitors from around the country to the Heather Pringle, Kate Ravilious,
1893
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*UHDW3\UDPLGWKRXJKZKLFKVWLOOVWDQGVDWQHDUO\LWVRULJLQDOKHLJKW Nikhil Swaminathan,
the buildings commissioned by Chicago’s city bosses were deliberately razed or consumed Jason Urbanus, Claudia Valentino,
Zach Zorich
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under the modern city.
Publisher
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Kevin Quinlan
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Director of Circulation and Fulfillment
a unique brand of egalitarian representation in a Mesoamerican world where heredity and Kevin Mullen
strict hierarchy were the rule of the day. And, in medieval Bruges, prosperous merchants Director of Integrated Sales
EXLOWWRPEVLQDFHPHWHU\QH[WWRWKHFLW\¶V&KXUFKRI2XU/DG\DVDZD\RIUHÀHFWLQJWKHLU Gerry Moss
growing economic status. Account Manager
Karina Casines
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today as Philistines constructed homes and temples in the Iron Age Levant that shared
T.J. Montilli
IHDWXUHVZLWKEXLOGLQJVLQWKHIDUĥRɱ$HJHDQZKHUHVRPHRIWKHLUDQFHVWRUVRULJLQDWHG NPS Media Group
7KHVHVDPHVWUXFWXUHVDOVRGHPRQVWUDWHWKHXQLTXHEOHQGLQJRI0HGLWHUUDQHDQFXOWXUHVWKDW Office Manager
FKDUDFWHUL]HGWKLVORQJĥPLVXQGHUVWRRGSHRSOH$QGIRU1DWLYH$PHULFDQVOLYLQJLQQRUWKHUQ Malin Grunberg Banyasz
*HRUJLDIURP1550 to 1760, creating stone mounds in the shape of powerful birds such as For production questions
contact [email protected]
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Editorial Advisory Board
James P. Delgado, Ellen Herscher,
Ronald Hicks, Jean-Jacques Hublin,
Mark Lehner, Roderick J. McIntosh,
Susan Pollock, Kenneth B. Tankersley
ARCHAEOLOGY MAGAZINE
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4 ARCHAEOLOGY • July/August 2022
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A F F O R D T H E E X T R A O R D I N A R Y
FROM THE PRESIDENT
Archaeological
Institute of America
THE PAST IN THE PRESENT
T
he ancient Maya have much to teach us. Recent analysis of DNA from archaeologiĥ
cal sites in Belize offers potential insights into the introduction of agriculture in the OFFICERS
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Ī5HDGPRUHDERXWWKHLUODWHVWGLVFRYHULHVRQSDJH18ī Sabrina Higgins
Treasurer
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Bird painting Executive Director
Maya painstakingly destroyed an important painted Rebecca W. King
from San
Bartolo VKULQH7KH\FDUHIXOO\GHPROLVKHGWZRRILWVZDOOVDQG GOVERNING BOARD
deliberately mixed up and scattered the remains of the
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intriguing ĥ'SX]]OHIRUUHVHDUFKHUVWRUHFRQVWUXFW
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Mathea Falco
of architecture in ancient Rome. Rebuilding by the Roman emperors was also expected
Joshua Gates
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Ömür Harmanşah
Both the Maya and the Romans clearly recognized the importance of respecting the past.
Julie Herzig Desnick
Mark Hurst
Alexandra Jones
Our fascination with such DQFLHQWFXOWXUHVIDUDZD\DQGORQJDJRFDQWHPSWXVWRLJQRUH
SeungJung Kim
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John Papadopoulos
working with community members to preserve a historic African American benevolent
Paula Paster Michtom
society cemetery and to identify nearly 200JUDYHV7KHVLWHLVFXUUHQWO\XQGHUWKUHDWIURP Kevin Quinlan, ex officio
495 Betsey Robinson
a proposed expansion of Interstate ZKLFKVHSDUDWHGWKHJUDYH\DUGIURPWKHFKXUFK
Robert Schon, ex officio
1960
and the historic community in the s. Both projects remind us that studying the past Kim Shelton 
Thomas Sienkewicz 
is vital to our understanding of contemporary society and to shaping the future we hope
Monica L. Smith
to pass on to the next generation. Patrick Suehnholz
Barbara Sweet
Maria Vecchiotti
3OHDVHFRQVLGHUMRLQLQJWKHVHarchaeologists and our many lay enthusiasts by becoming an Michael Wiseman
AIA member today to help us continue this critical work.
Past President
Jodi Magness
Trustees Emeriti
Brian Heidtke
Charles S. La Follette
Legal Counsel
Mitchell Eitel, Esq.
Sullivan & Cromwell, LLP
Archaeological Institute of America
Laetitia La Follette
44 Beacon Street • Boston, MA 02108
archaeological.org
President, Archaeological Institute of America
6 ARCHAEOLOGY • July/August 2022
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