archaeologist

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OHIO
ARCHAEOLOGIST
VOLUME 59 NO. 1 WINTER 2009
PUBLISHED BY THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO
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TABLE OF CONTENTS PRESIDENT'S PAGE
President's Page 3
Front Cover Information 3
The Landis Site
by Elaine Holzapfel 4
Harvard's Peabody Museum On-line Catalog Project
Mick Van Steen
Reveals Many Extraordinary Ohio Artifacts
by Michael Rusnak 13
This is a special issue. On the front cover we feature artifacts from the
Two Bannerstones and a Gorget
collection of the Peabody Museum at Harvard University who has graciously
by Chris Shoe 18
permitted us to share them with the people of Ohio.
Ohio's Largest Winged Bannerstone /^^L
by Todd Harding 19
Chiricahua Apache Artifacts
by Marybeth Dawson 20
Mick Van Steen, President
James Murphy Lifetime Achievement Award 21
Another Effigy Pipe From Dr. Meuser's Collection
by D.R. Gehlbach 22 Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology letter.
A Fayette County Birdstone
by Doug Stowers 23
Susan Haskell
The Robinson-Hunt Site: A Middle Woodland Mound
Curatorial Associate
Along the Headwaters of the Scioto River
by John C. Rummel 24 Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology
The ASO Participates in Ohio's Statehood Day 27 Harvard University
Obryan Chert: An Overlooked and Misunderstood 11 Divinity Avenue
Lithic Resource Cambridge, MA 02138
by James L Murphy 28
Two Tennessee Clay Tobacco Pipe Makers Dear Miss Haskell,
by James L. Murphy 32
Explorations of a Hopewell Workshop Site Near Flint Ridge On behalf of the 2,600 members of The Archaeological Society of Ohio,
by Kelly Hicks 34
archaeologists, scholars, and residents of Ohio who have an intense
A Theory on the Use of Bannerstones
interest in Ohio's prehistoric heritage, I want to thank you and the
by David W. Didion 36
Peabody Museum for allowing us to publish photographs of some of
Archaic Side Notch Point Found in Darke County
by Brian Siefring 38 the Ohio artifacts in your collections. I believe that this may be the first
A Hardin County Glacial Kame Bar Gorget time they will have been presented in full color.
by Dale Reffitt 38
An Incised Gorget Fragment From Huron County Our Society is the largest state society in the United States and our
by Matt Burr 39 journal, the Ohio Archaeologist, is now in its 59th year. I have been editor
Four Hopewell Celts for 39 years and it has been one of my lifetime goals to publish artifacts
by Mike Diano 39
from Ohio now in museum collections which have never been seen by
An Eccentric From Stark County, Ohio the general public — especially in a modern format.
by Garry Walter 40
Celt Fount in Two Pieces Again, thank you — it is a genuine contribution to the understanding of
by Rose Grunewald 40
Ohio's past.
ASO Chapter Presidents' Meeting
January 18, 2009 — Columbus, Ohio 41
Sincerely,
A Glacial Kame Gorget Found in Knox County
by Jim Wyant 41
Standing Room Only for Archaeology in Darke County
Robert N. Converse
by Bill Fields & Suzie Carrington 42
Editor
Membership Committee Report 43
The Ohio Archaeologist
Back Cover Information 44
Front Cover: Two mica cutouts excavated from Turner Site in Hamilton Coounty, Ohio, between 1882 ans 1891 by Doctor Charles L. Metz.
3
THE LANDIS SITE
by
Elaine Holzapfel
415 Memorial Drive
Greenville, OH 45331
Larry Landis of Greenville, Ohio, has Archaic bevels (Figure 9), thick, sturdy,
surface collected from approximately 100 The stemmed lanceolate (Figure 2), and frequently re-sharpened, saw heavy
acres of cultivated ground in Greenville made of patinated gray flint from Harrison use. Landis found most of the bevels con
Township, Darke County, for 15 years. He County, Indiana, occurred late in the Pa centrated on a ridge on the south side of
selected the locality because of its promising leo period. The artifacts in Figure 3 could a tributary of Greenville Creek. The raw
rolling topography, the presence of two be related to Hi-Lo points, which date to material in all the bevels is Four-Mile-Creek
tributaries of Greenville Creek, and an the same time period. The top two are of chert. None have been heat treated.
abundance of springs. Landis obtained Four-Mile-Creek chert, the first of which The rare and finely-crafted Dovetail
exclusive permission from the land own was heavily heat treated. The third is of point made of Flint Ridge flint (Figure 10)
ers to surface hunt their farms, and after Harrison County flint. served a special role in Archaic society.
getting off work at 8:00 a.m., he spent many Darke County is noted for its abundant Probably used as a knife, it was likely hafted in
hours in these fields. He explored the area remains of ice-age animals, such as a an ornately-carved handle made of wood
in spring, fall, and winter, sometimes when recently excavated mastodon in Ross- or bone.
the temperature dipped into the teens. Because burg and a giant ground sloth from nearby The artifact in Figure 11 is unusual. This
of his foresight in keeping the artifacts seg Carter Bog. These huge animals must long narrow serrated point, lenticular in
regated from those of other sites, a signifi have been well known to the Paleo people cross-section, is made of translucent gray
cant contribution to the understanding of the and may have been their prey. Probably flint. Converse relates that he has seen
prehistoric past in west-central Ohio has dressed in warm furs and traveling with only several that fit this description and
been provided. sled dogs, the inhabitants of the Landis has suggested calling them stiletto points.
In an effort to make this account as site may have wondered at the receding The artifact is tentatively assigned to the
complete as possible, Landis made a de mile-high Wisconsin glacier on the northern Early Archaic period in this report.
termined search and located former residents horizon. Heavy duty points (Figure 12) are further
of the farms, family members, and their Around 10,000 years ago the climate examples of fine flint work accomplished
descendants who may have had artifacts warmed rapidly, changing the lifeway of during the Early Archaic. All heavy duty
from the site. He received permission to Paleo people forever — they probably points from the Landis site have serrated
examine objects they had recovered long discussed climate change as much as we edges and are slightly worn, indicating that
ago or inherited. Most of these artifacts do. Because tool types reflect change in these tools were heavily used. Typically,
had been found at the site in the 1940s adaptation to the altered needs brought flint of subdued colors was selected for
and are included in this report. The trail about by climate change and the extinction the manufacture of heavy duty points, and
became cold when Landis learned that of the megafauna, Fluted points, some this can be seen in the Landis collection.
other grandchildren and great-grandchildren of the finest flint work in the world, were Two heavy duty points are made of black
had moved out of state, along with an un never produced again. Upper Mercer flint, two of lightly-tinted
known quantity of site material. Flint Ridge flint, and one of gray unidenti
EARLY ARCHAIC PERIOD fied chert.
AUTHOR'S NOTE (10,000 BP-7,000 BP) The proliferation of point types
reflects an adaptation to the spreading for
Instead of cluttering the text with an The explosion of new types of flint est brought about by the warmer climate.
abundance of references, I have listed artifacts in the Early Archaic period is People of the Early Archaic were hunter-
most of them under Further Reading. noted at the Landis site; points are gatherers who appear to have occupied
bifurcated, serrated, corner-notched, localities briefly during seasonal rounds
PALEO-AMERICAN PERIOD side-notched, small and fine or heavy and for many generations as they gathered
(12,000 BP to 10,500 BP) thick. The raw material of about half the hickory nuts, paw paws, berries, materials
bifurcated points (Figure 4) is Four- for basketry, and hunted deer, turkey, and
The site was first inhabited during the Mile-Creek chert, but the others are more numerous small animals.
Paleo period. Unfluted Points (Figure 1) colorful and vitreous. They include Harrison
are temporally diagnostic of earliest human County flint (Wyandotte chert), Coshocton MIDDLE ARCHAIC PERIOD
occupation in west-central Ohio. All three (Upper Mercer) flint, and Flint Ridge flint.
(7,000 BP - 5,000 BP)
points pictured are made of Four-Mile- Both the large and small varieties of bi
Creek chert, which is often of an earthy furcated points are represented, and all The great innovation of the Middle
texture and color. Four-Mile-Creek chert exhibit delicate chipping. Archaic period was the manufacture of
outcrops as a narrow tabular lens near
The serrated corner-notched points ground stone tools, such as pestles,
Fairhaven, Ohio, in Preble County, about
(Figures 5, 6) at the Landis site are thin, grooved hammers, axes, and artifacts
40 miles distant. Like the early occupants finely finished, have no heat treatment, made of slate. The abundance of these
of the Batten site in Darke County (Holzapfel and are made of flints ranging from coarse objects at the Landis site indicates that
2005), the Landis Paleo people carried to translucent. The large Kirk point at left the area was heavily occupied during the
Four-Mile-Creek chert with them to the site. in Figure 5 is made of high-quality white Middle Archaic period. The preform for a
The two Unfluted points in Figure 1, chert. The corner-notched points (Figure crescent bannerstone (Figure 26) indicates
thin and sharpened to exhaustion, must 7), almost all made of heat-treated Four- that slate manufacture took place on the
have been discarded. A pink tint can be Mile-Creek chert, appear to have been Landis site.
seen on the left ear of the first point, which heavily utilized.
could suggest an attempt at heat treating to Only two side-notched points are in Pestles (Figures 13, 14, 15) were used
improve chipping quality. The third artifact the collection. The first side-notched point for grinding grain or pulverizing roots or
in Figure 1 is an unfinished Paleo point. It in Figure 8 is made of unidentified brown fruits. Full-grooved and three-quarter
displays both textures of Four-Mile-Creek chert, the second of Four-Mile-Creek chert. grooved axes and hammers (Figures 22,23,
chert; it is vitreous and translucent at the
base and coarse-grained near the tip.
4
24) were probably used in wood working. LATE ARCHAIC PERIOD Hopewell (2200 BP - 1500 BP)
Celts (Figure 27) are thought to have had (5,000 BP - 2,500 BP)
Hopewell artifacts from the Landis
similar functions.
site are shown in Figures 35, 36, and 37.
Such banded slate creations as the In the Late Archaic, distinct cultures,
Seven of the points in Figure 35 can be
notched ovate (Figure 17) appear to have Red Ocher and Glacial Kame, appear in
easily identified as Hopewell. The others
had ceremonial significance. Although west-central Ohio. Although artifacts made
were utilized, diminishing their diagnostic
notched ovates are extremely rare, they by the Red Ocher culture are rare in Darke
configuration. Five examples are of Flint
have previously been recorded from Darke County, the basal half of a large Turkey-
Ridge flint, two are of black Upper Mercer,
County. At 3V inches long, this artifact is tail point (Figure 29) from the Landis site
2 two are of Logan County chert, and the
slightly smaller than most ovates. marks its presence here. Turkeytail points
others are of unidentified vitreous brown
Biconcave slate bars (Figure 25) are are always made of nodular flint from
flint. The slate gorget in Figure 36 dates to
discussed in an article in this issue by Ron Harrison County, Indiana, and this one
the Hopewell period, and the large celt in
Thiebeau. These artifacts have not yet is no exception. What is an exception is
Figure 37 also appears to be of Hopewell
been dated. that this Turkeytail point was not part of
manufacture.
The second artifact in Figure 26 is a a cache and it was not ritually smashed,
sub-rectangular bar. Figure 27 shows a but was broken by farm equipment. This is For use in their ceremonial centers in
sub-rectangular bar with one end sharpened similar to other Turkeytail points reported Ross County, Ohio, the Hopewell obtained
for use as a celt. from Darke County. exotic materials from distant areas. They
traced shapes of bird claws and human
Flint tools of the Middle Archaic include An unfinished Glacial Kame gorget is
hands from mica, pounded beads of copper,
McWhinney points (Figure 21). The distin shown in Figure 28.
wore necklaces made of fossil shark teeth
guishing feature of these heavy-stemmed The diminutive points in Figure 30 also
and barracuda jaws, and fashioned fine
points is that they are crude in appear date to the Late Archaic. The first example
artifacts from conch shell, obsidian, and
ance and are made of gray to tan Four- is polished, worn, and smooth. Since Landis
chlorite. Such items have not been found
Mile-Creek chert. On sites south of Darke picked it up on a rise, it was not water
on village sites in Darke County.
County, McWhinney points were often worn. This artifact may have been carried,
heavily heat-treated, which sometimes im perhaps in a medicine bag, for an extended
parted shades of deep purple and blue to length of time. Intrusive Mound
the artifacts. Many McWhinney points on (1500 BP-1000 BP)
the Landis site do not have heat treatment, WOODLAND PERIOD
although several exhibit tints of pink. After the demise of the Hopewell
Adena (2500 BP - 500 BP)
culture, there was a small occupation by
Most of the Pentagonal points (Figure
Intrusive Mound people (so-called
18) are made of striped Nethers flint and Figures 31, 32, 33, and 34 show arti
because they sometimes buried their
show heavy wear which has altered their facts made by the Adena people. That
dead in the tops of Hopewell and Adena
shapes rendering them almost unrecog the site was occupied early in the Adena
mounds) at the Landis site. The two deli
nizable. The nearly five-inch long example period is indicated by the rounded bases
cate Intrusive Mound points in Figure 38,
(Figure 16) must have recently been plowed on about half the points. The square flat
made of Four-Mile-Creek chert, are thin
to the surface, because even though it is shape of bases on the rest of the points
and side-notched. Intrusive Mound people
long, thin, and delicate, it shows no nicks denotes the presence of late Adena. The
smoked pipes and wore beads made of
or plow damage. It is identified as a pen first four Adena points in Figure 31 are
bone and antler.
tagonal point based on the shape of the made of Boyle chert (Licking River flint).
base and the raw material, Logan County The others include Four-Mile-Creek chert
(Cedarville-Guelph) chert, which is a char and Upper Mercer (Coshocton) flint. The Fort Ancient (1100 BP - 400 BP)
acteristic of Miami River pentagonals. large flat (broken) point in center is made
The triangular points in Figure 39 were
The two Bottleneck points (Figure 20) of Flint Ridge flint and dates to late in the
made by the Fort Ancient People whose
are almost identical to one another in raw Adena period.
culture was centered along the Ohio River. The
material (Four-Mile-Creek chert), size, and The cache blade in Figure 34 indicates
points shown are thin and well-chipped,
heat-treatment. Further, both are made on that the Adena of Darke County made
despite the earthy texture of the tan chert.
flakes, and thus exhibit one flat face. frequent use of Boyle or Licking River flint.
All are made of Four-Mile-Creek chert except
All the drills in Figure 19 are made of Boyle chert was quarried along the Licking
one which is of black Upper Mercer flint.
Four-Mile-Creek chert. The three pencil- River in Kentucky.
Triangular points are the first true "arrow
shaped examples show extensive heat Shown in Figure 32 is an Adena
heads" because the bow and arrow had
treatment. bi-concave slate gorget. Figure 33 shows
just been invented.
After the end of the Middle Archaic, both sides of a small quadriconcave
The Fort Ancient culture differed from
around 5,000 years ago, axes, pestles, gorget found by Mr. Landis. Typical of
previous cultures, as Fort Ancient people
grooved hammers, notched ovates and Adena slate work, the artifact is thick, with
were influenced by the Mississippian culture
Dovetail points were never made again. conical holes.
along the Mississippi River. The makers
Several details are known about the People of the Adena culture were
of triangular points grew cornfields along
physical appearance of people of the Mid prolific in western Ohio; they constructed
the Ohio River and its tributaries. Because
dle Archaic. The men stood about 5 feet 6 the 68 foot high Miamisburg Mound in
more people could be fed, the population
inches tall, females around 5 feet 2 inches. nearby Montgomery County. Many men,
grew. There must have been conflict as
In ceremonies shamans wore headdress and some women, stood 6 to 7 feet tall.
some people met violent deaths — triangular
es made of deer antlers. Archaic people Some of them beautified themselves by
points have been found embedded in human
loved their dogs, who were probably part altering the shapes of their skulls.
bones. Because so much of their diet
ners in hunting. Burials of dogs have been
consisted of starchy corn, their teeth fre
found, some of which had been interred with
quently became abscessed and this was
humans.
sometimes a cause of death.
5
CONCLUSIONS DeRegnaucourt, Tony 2005 A Paleoamerican Lithic Industry
1991 A Field Guide to the Prehistoric in Darke County. Ohio
From the time the Wisconsin glacier Point Types of Indiana and Ohio. Archaeologist 55 (1):13.12
receded from Darke County 12,000 years UMVARM, Arcanum, Ohio. 2008 The Adena Presence in Darke
ago, the Landis site was intermittently 1998 Prehistoric Chert Types of the County, West-Central Ohio. Ohio
occupied. It was frequently visited during Midwest. UMVARM, Arcanum, Archaeologist
the Middle Archaic period as evidenced Ohio.
by the abundance of diagnostic flint arti Long, Russell J.
facts as well as axes, hammers, and celts. Georgiady, Jeffrey 1962 The Raisch-Smith Site Near
Throughout all time periods, the read 1983 The Origins of Cherts Used at the Oxford, Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist
ily obtainable Four-Mile-Creek chert was Raisch-Smith Site. Ohio (243):3, 4.
heavily relied upon, although the Adena Archaeologist 33(2):44.
at the Landis site had a special regard 1986 The Miami Valley Archaic Lutz, David L.
for Boyle chert from Kentucky. That farm Complex. Ohio Archaeologist 2000 The Archaic Bannerstone.
machinery is hard on artifacts can be seen 32(2):26-30. "The Notched Ovate" pp. 274-
by comparing the large unbroken pieces
283. Newburgh, IN.
recovered 70 years ago with fragmented Georgiady, Jeffrey and Ric Matchette
and smaller examples found today. 1998 An Adena Lithic Procurement Site Phillips, James L and James A. Brown
Tributaries of Greenville Creek provided in Kentucky. Ohio Archaeologist 1983 Archaic Hunters and Gatherers in
fish, turtles, and ducks, the numerous 48(1):21,22. the American Midwest. Academic
springs supplied plenty of fresh water, and Press, NY.
the forest teemed with game, so it is pre Holzapfel, Elaine
dictable that the Landis site would have 1993 A Paleoindian Site near Greenville, Royer, Jacob
been a good place to live. Ohio, in Darke County. Ohio 1956 Notched Ovate Banners. Ohio
Archaeologist 43(4):16,17. Archaeologist (6) 2.
REFERENCES AND
1994 The Stephan Site: A Manifestation
FURTHER READING of the Miami Valley Archaic in Shane, Linda
Darke County. 1976 Late-Glacial and Postglacial
Archaeological Services Consultants, Inc. Ohio Archaeologist 43(3):4. Palynology and Chronology of
1993 The Sabre Farms Site (33Ro385). 1994 The Thiebeau Site. Ohio Darke County, West
Ohio Archaeologist 43(2):30-34. Archaeologist 44(1): 15-20. Central Ohio. University
1994 On the Trail of Four-Mile-Creek Microfilms, Ann Arbor.
Bartlett, Jim Chert. Ohio Archaeologist
1999 A Darke County Adena Site. 44(2):12, 13. Thiebeau, Ron
Ohio Archaeologist 49(l):8, 9. 1995 The Caps Sun Site: A Preliminary 2009 Biconcave Slate Bars. Ohio
Report. Ohio Archaeologist Archaeologist 59 (1).
45(4):4-7.
Britt, Claude
1992 The Archaeology of West-Central 1996 The Iron Bridge Site. Ohio
Ohio: a Discussion 25 Years After Archaeologist 46(2):10-13.
a Master's Thesis. Ohio 2000 The Giant Ground Sloth from
Archaeologist 42(3):40, 41. Darke County. Ohio Archaeologist
50(2):21-23.
Converse, Robert N. 2001 The Paleoamerican Occupation
1978 Ohio Slate Types. Archaeological of Darke County, Ohio, and
Society of Ohio, Columbus. Environs. MA thesis,
1994 Ohio Flint Types. Archaeological Ball State University, Muncie.
Society of Ohio, Columbus. 2004 The Rossburg Mastodon. Ohio
2000 Ohio Stone Tools. Archaeological Archaeologist 54(4):14-16.
Society of Ohio, Columbus. 2004 Archaeology and Artifacts of
2003 The Archaeology of Ohio. Darke County. Archaeological
Archaeological Society of Ohio, Investigations LLC.
Columbus.
A Note From Larry Landis:
I want to thank the landowners forgiving me the privilege of spending so many hours in their
fields. Also thanks to those who graciously invited me into their homes to examine artifacts
found long ago. Without their help, this report could not have been written.
6
IN
INC IN "JML , ~j
.'
I wfw
1
1
w ^F
2 J*'
2
f
'1 B
3 ±
• ~ Figure 2 (Holzapfel) Piano m
Lanceolate point.
Figure 1 (Holzapfel) Two exhausted Unfluted points tMF. M
and one unfinished Fluted or Unfluted point. All of 4
Four-Mile-Creek chert. (12,000 BP to 10,500 BP).
Figure 3 (Holzapfel) Three artifacts which
may be related to Hi-Lo points.
IXCHEl
1
2
3
4
5
«
Figure 4 (Holzapfel) Large and small bifurcated Figure 5 (Holzapfel) Serrated corner-notched
points. (Early Archaic 10,000 BP to 7,000 BP). points. About half were made of Four-Mile-
Creek chert. (Early Archaic).
t
Figure 6 (Holzapfel) Serrated corner-notched
points. None have been heat treated.
Figure 7 (Holzapfel) Corner-notched points without serrations. All are Four- Figure 8 (Holzapfel) Side-notched points.
Mile-Creek chert and all have been heat treated. (Early Archaic).
7
\
Figure 9 (Holzapfel) Bevels. All are made of Four-Mile-Creek chert. None were heat-treated. Figure 10 (Holzapfel) Dovetail point, a rare
and expertly-made artifact. (Early Archaic).
INCHES
INCHES
1 Figure 12
(Holzapfel)
1 Heavy Duty
points.
2
All are
serrated
2 and made
I
of vitreous
3 flint.
(Early Archaic)
4
3
! 5
Figure 11 (Htelz apfel) Unusual
long, narrow serated point Figure 13 (Holzapfel) Pestles found at the Landis
made of tran slucent gray flint. 6 site in the 1940s.
Figure 75
(Holzapfel)
Pestles
found
by Larry
Landis.
Figure 14 (Holzapfel) Pestle found in the 1940s.
The owner used it many years ago to grind corn
for her chickens. Middle Archaic (7,000 BP to
5,000 BP).
^£ ^^
INCHES
•^f l *'"• j^
1
jfl hfeflJ ft
2
^B
3
^^ ^
4^
F/gure 7 7 (Holzapfel) Small notched ovate made of banded slate. This rare
artifact was found in the 1940s. Middle Archaic (7,000 BP to 5,000 BP).
Figure 16 (Holzapfel) Pristine pentagonal
point made of Logan County chert found NCHES
by Larry Landis.
Figure 20 (Holzapfel) Bottleneck points.
Four-Mile-Creek chert.
Figure 19 (Holzapfel) Drills all made of Four-Mile-Creek
chert. The pencil-shaped drills provide good examples
of the effects of heat treatment.
Figure 18 (Holzapfel) Pentagonal points
which show heavy wear. Most are made
of striped Nethers flint. Figure 21 (Holzapfel) McWhinney points appear crude and thick.
9
Figure 22
(Holzapfel)
Three-quarter
grooved axe
found a
number of
years ago,
measures
9'12 inches
long. The
groove has
no polish.
Middle Archaic
(7,000 BP
to 5,000 BP)
Figure 23 (Holzapfel) Full-grooved axe, same
site. The wide groove is highly polished. Middle
Archaic (7,000 BP to 5,000 BP).
Figure 25 (Holzapfel) Biconcave slate
bar. Found in the 1940s.
Figure 24 (Holzapfel) Axes and grooved hammers found by Larry Landis.
INCHES
1
^^K^B
2
3
4 Tk
Figure 26 (Holzapfel) First, a polished slate preform for a Figure 27 (Holzapfel) Celts made of porphyry, slate
crescent bannerstone. Second, a sub-rectangular slate bar. 'u and quartzite.