Archaeological Resource Management: An International Perspective

256 Pages·2015·2.546 MB·English

by  John Carman

archaeological resource management
Archaeologicalresourcemanagement(ARM)isthepracticeofrecord-
ing, evaluating, preserving for future research and presenting to the
publicthematerialremainsofthepast.Almostallcountriesupholda
setofprinciplesandlawsforthepreservationandprofessionalmanage-
ment of archaeological remains. This book offers a critical and com-
parativeperspectiveonthelawandprofessionalpracticesofmanaging
archaeologicalremains.BeginningwithaglobalhistoryofARM,John
Carman provides an overview of legal and professional regulations
governing ARM today. He then turns to consider the main practices
involvedinmanagingarchaeologicalremains:namely,theiridentifica-
tionandrecording,theirevaluationfor‘significance’,theirpreservation
and their presentation to the public. As a whole, the book offers an
overviewofwhatARM‘does’intheworld,withimplicationsforunder-
standing the role of archaeology as a contemporary set of practices
thatdeterminehowfuturegenerationswillaccessmaterialremainsof
thepast.
John Carman is Senior Lecturer in Heritage Valuation at Ironbridge
International Institute for Cultural Heritage at the University of
Birmingham. His authored works in the field of archaeological
resource management include Valuing Ancient Things: Archaeology
andLaw(1996),ArchaeologyandHeritage(2002)andAgainstCultural
Property (2005). He has co-authored Archaeological Practice in Great
Britain (2011) and co-edited Managing Archaeology (1995), World
Heritage: Global Challenges, Local Solutions (2007), Heritage
Studies: Methods and Approaches (2009) and The Oxford Handbook
ofPublicArchaeology(2012).

archaeological resource
management
An International Perspective
john carman
UniversityofBirmingham
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Firstpublished2015
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationData
Carman,John,1952–
Archaeologicalresourcemanagement:aninternationalperspective/JohnCarman
(Dr.JohnCarman,seniorlecturerinheritagevaluation,IronbridgeInternational
InstituteforCulturalHeritage,SchoolofHistory&Cultures,CollegeofArts&Law,
UniversityofBirmingham,Birmingham,UK).
pages cm
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-521-84168-9(hardback)
1. Antiquities–Collectionandpreservation. 2. Antiquities–Collectionand
preservation–Governmentpolicy. 3. Historicpreservation–Management.
4. Historicpreservation–Governmentpolicy. 5. Antiquities–Collectionand
preservation–Lawandlegislation. 6. Historicpreservation–Lawandlegislation.
7. Historicbuildings–Conservationandrestoration. 8. Historicsites–Conservation
andrestoration. 9. Culturalproperty–Protection. I. Title.
CC135.C33 2015
930.1–dc23
2015020955
isbn978-0-521-84168-9Hardback
isbn978-0-521-60259-4Paperback
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urlsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication
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ForPatricia,asalways

contents
ListofTables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pageix
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
part i: history and principles
1 Historicalantecedentstoarchaeologicalresource
management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Predecessors:PapalItaly,Scandinavia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Theemergenceofnationalheritage:Greece,Italy . . . . . . . . 11
BringingtheEmpirehome:India,Ireland,Britain . . . . . . . 15
Claimingthewilderness:UnitedStates,Australia . . . . . . . . 23
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2 Thedevelopmentofcurrentstructures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
From‘rescue’and‘salvage’to‘management’ . . . . . . . . . . 30
‘Public’archaeologyasaspecialism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Systemsofselectionandvaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Archaeologicalresourcemanagementaspolitics . . . . . . . . 47
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3 Systemsofregulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Theroleoflaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Readingandinterpretinglaws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Internationallawsandtheircoverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Nationallawsandtheirdifferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Theprofessionalisationofarchaeology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
vii
viii Contents
part ii: practices
4 Inventory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Definingthearchaeologicalresource . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Identifyingtheresource . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Sourcesofinformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Contentofrecords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Inventoryasapractice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
5 Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Levelsofimportanceandsignificance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Methodsofassessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Criteriaofevaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Valuationasaprocess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
6 Preservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Legalmechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Ownershipandcustodianship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Approachestopreservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Themeaningofpreservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
7 Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Objectsandaudiences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Educationandtourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Archaeologistsandcommunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Inventingcategoriesofperson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
part iii: conclusions
8 Archaeologyintheworld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Archaeologyasacontemporaryactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Archaeologyasaglobalactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Whosearchaeology? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Conclusion:wherenext? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
tables
3.1 Maininternationalinstrumentsrelatingtothecultural
heritage page64
3.2 Professionalresponsibilitiesofarchaeologists 75
4.1 Thearchaeologicalrecordandthearchaeologicalresource 80
4.2 Archaeologicalobjects 83
4.3 Minimumcontentofanidealisedarchaeologicalrecord 93
4.4 Categoriesofobjectgivenofficialrecognitionindifferent
countries 99
5.1 Recommendedassessmentcriteriaforthe
significance/importanceandrepresentativenessofsites 109
5.2 Valuecriteriaacrossterritories 122
6.1 Agenciesresponsibleforheritageprotection 133
6.2 Preservationbydifferentmeans 140
6.3 Legalregimesbycountry 140
6.4 Preservationversusprevention 152
6.5 Optionsforpreservation 154
7.1 Typesofaccess 159
7.2 Purposesandformsofdisplay 162
7.3 Archaeologicalmessagesforthepublic 167
7.4 Thearchaeologicalrecordandthearchaeologicalheritage 172
8.1 Archaeologicaleducation 190
ix