ArcGIS ArcMap and Cartography

56 Pages·2005·1.05 MB·English

Slide 1

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Slide 2

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SW OREGON MAP
Welcome to our session on Creating Advanced Effects for Cartography in ArcMap! In the next
hour and a half, we'll provide you with information about advanced display and finishing effects
in ArcMap to produce high quality maps.

(DEMO: Have the SW Oregon map on the screen and have Spatial Analyst and ArcToolbox
Hillshade Toolbox showing and make sure Maplex is on. Have Spatial Analyst settings set.
Have Notepad open and the raster calculator statements in it. Set the display of the Hillshade –
Swiss Model in Edit mode.)
Slide 3

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SW OREGON MAP
Before we start, let me point out that there are a number of other cartography related sessions
that you might want to visit. These include ArcMap sessions that will teach you about core
functionality in the software and presentations on the Production Line Tool Set or PLTS – an
extension for high quality map production.
Slide 4

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SW OREGON MAP
Thursday you will find even more sessions that will show you about mapping with ArcGIS, and
be sure to attend the Cartography Special Interest Group meeting over the lunch hour.
Slide 5

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SW OREGON MAP
Now on to our talk. We want to show you a number of really neat methods for high quality
mapping:

Including how to create a background hillshaded surface and then drape it with colors to show
elevation ranges.

We’ll describe some interesting techniques for mapping hydrographic or water features.

We'll also show you a way to enhance the vegetation symbology using a method called “bump
mapping”.

And we'll finish up with a demonstration of some special methods for symbolizing cultural
features.
Slide 6

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CRATER LAKE MAP
First, let’s talk about creating a backdrop for our map. For that, we’ll close the SW Oregon map
– we’ll come back to that in a bit – and open our Crater Lake topography ArcMap document. In
this part of the talk, we’ll demonstrate some methods for creating that backdrop using some
hillshading techniques that are then enhanced with some elevation tints.

DEMO: We’ll turn off all the layers in our map except for the default hillshade.

Elevation tinting can be combined with hillshading to simulate vegetation, snow or other land
cover.

DEMO: Now let’s turn on the elevation tint, which on our map is the DEM layer. We’ll move it
up above the default hillshade so you can see the result of elevation tinting and hillshading.
Slide 7

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CRATER LAKE MAP
Often you'll see a hillshaded surface that provides an impression of the terrain illuminated from
an external light source, like the sun. When hillshading, the PURPOSE of the map should be
paramount. Sometimes the objective is to emphasize the terrain. Other times you really want to
use terrain as a backdrop to show other reference or thematic data. In that’s the case, you want
the hillshade to capture less of the visual attention of the map reader and serve more as a
backdrop.

And of course, the terrain representation should also take into consideration the unique
characteristics of the area mapped like the relief and orientation of physiographic features.
Slide 8

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CRATER LAKE MAP
So how do you create a hillshade? It’s really pretty straightforward if you have Spatial Analyst – or 3D
Analyst.

DEMO -- In order to demo this, we’ll start by turning off all the layers except our DEM. In ArcToolbox,
scroll down to the bottom to see the Spatial Analyst Tools. Click on the Surface tools and then double
click Hillshade tool. We’ll double click that to open it. Specify the digital elevation model that you want
to use – ours is called DEM.

You can see that you can also change the:
• angle or azimuth and
• height or altitude of the illumination source
to further specify the way the shadows will be cast. And if you increase the:
• Z factor, you'll essentially be creating a display that exaggerates the heights of the surface.
Modeling shadows allows illumination to occur locally even if larger features would normally place
smaller features in shadow. We’ll click OK to create the hillshade.

You can make some very simple modifications to this method to achieve some rather dramatic results.
Slide 9

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CRATER LAKE MAP
We’ll show you a technique for enhancing the hillshade to create an effect that is similar to what
you would see on a Swiss style topographic map. What this method does is to create two new
rasters from the input DEM. The DEM and the two new rasters are used together in the final
display. It’s a fairly simple process – we’ll work through it with you using Spatial Analyst.

To produce the Swiss effect, we need to use our original DEM and its default hillshade.

DEMO: Using Spatial Analyst’s Raster Calculator, enter the formula DEM / 5 + Hillshade.
Then click Evaluate.

This display simulates an aerial perspective that makes the higher elevations lighter and the
lower elevations darker.

DEMO: Now let’s make the second raster. Click on the Spatial Analyst toolbar and select
Neighborhood Statistics. Use the default hillshade as the input raster, set the statistic type to
mean, the neighborhood to circle and the radius to 4 cells and click OK.
The output grid generalizes the hillshaded terrain, emphasizing the major geographic features,
minimizing the minor features, smoothing irregularities on the slopes, but maintaining the rugged
characteristics of ridge tops and canyon bottoms. Now you can combine the grids in your
display to get the final effect.

DEMO:
Move the original DEM to above the two rasters we just created and symbolize it with a color
ramp to show elevation – we have one we created especially for Crater Lake National Park.
Next, set the transparency to 55%.
In the middle, display the median filter grid with 55% transparency and use a single hue color
ramp, like a black to white ramp.
On the bottom, display the raster calculator grid with a black to white ramp and 55%
transparency.

The final display produces an effect similar to the Swiss-style hillshade.