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ARC WELDING Edited by Wladislav Sudnik Arc Welding Edited by Wladislav Sudnik Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Marija Radja Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team Image Copyright pmakin, 2011. DepositPhotos First published December, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected] Arc Welding, Edited by Wladislav Sudnik p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-642-3 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Arc Welding Technology 1 Chapter 1 Hardfacing by Plasma Transferred Arc Process 3 Víctor Vergara Díaz, Jair Carlos Dutra and Ana Sofia Climaco D'Oliveira Chapter 2 Fusion Welding with Indirect Electric Arc 20 Rafael García, Víctor-Hugo López, Constantino Natividad, Ricardo-Rafael Ambriz and Melchor Salazar Part 2 Arc Welding Automation 45 Chapter 3 Arc Welding Automation 47 Eduardo José Lima II and Alexandre Queiroz Bracarense Chapter 4 WHI Formula as a New Criterion in Automatic Pipeline GMAW Process 71 Alireza Doodman Tipi and Fatemeh Sahraei Chapter 5 Sensors for Quality Control in Welding 81 Sadek C. Absi Alfaro Part 3 Weldability of Metals and Alloys 107 Chapter 6 Weldability of Iron Based Powder Metal Alloys Using Pulsed GTAW Process 109 Edmilson Otoni Correa Chapter 7 Assessment of Stress Corrosion Cracking on Pipeline Steels Weldments Used in the Petroleum Industry by Slow Strain Rate Tests 127 A. Contreras, M. Salazar, A. Albiter, R. Galván and O. Vega VI Contents Chapter 8 Evaluation of the Shielding Gas Influence on the Weldability of Ferritic Stainless Steel 151 Demostenes Ferreira Filho, Ruham Pablo Reis and Valtair Antonio Ferraresi Chapter 9 Corrosion Fatigue Behaviour of Aluminium 5083-H111 Welded Using Gas Metal Arc Welding Method 177 Kalenda Mutombo and Madeleine du Toit Part 4 Mechanisms, Models, and Measurements of Arc Welding 219 Chapter 10 The Mechanism of Undercut Formation and High Speed Welding Technology 221 Zhenyang Lu and Pengfei Huang Chapter 11 Physical Mechanisms and Mathematical Models of Bead Defects Formation During Arc Welding 243 Wladislav Sudnik Chapter 12 Using Solid State Calorimetry for Measuring Gas Metal Arc Welding Efficiency 265 Stephan Egerland and Paul Colegrove Chapter 13 Chemical and Physical Properties of Fluxes for SAW of Low-Carbon Steels 281 Ana Ma. Paniagua-Mercado and Victor M. Lopez-Hirata Chapter 14 Arc Welding Health Effects, Fume Formation Mechanisms, and Characterization Methods 299 Matthew Gonser and Theodore Hogan Preface Ever since the invention of arc technology in 1870s and it's early use for welding lead during the manufacture of lead-acid batteries, advances in arc welding throughout the twentieth and twenty-first centuries have seen this form of processing applied to a range of industries and progress to become one of the most effective techniques in metals and alloys joining. The objective of this book is to introduce relatively established methodologies and techniques which have been studied, developed and applied in industries or researches. State-of-the-art development aimed at improving technologies will be presented covering topics such as weldability, technology, automation, modelling, and measurement. This book also seeks to provide effective solutions to various applications for engineers and researchers who are interested in arc material processing. This book is divided into 4 independent chapters corresponding to recent advances in this field. The editor expresses thankfulness to all authors for the presented materials and their timely design, and also to the technical editor and to the book manager Mrs. Marija Radja - for the big work on preparation and the edition of this book. Editor Prof. Dr. Wladislav Sudnik R & E Center ‘Computer Hi-Tech in Materials Joining‘ Welding Department Tula State University, Russian Federation