Arc Volcano of Japan: Generation of Continental Crust from the Mantle

136 Pages·2011·2.1 MB·English

by  Takeru Yanagi (auth.)

Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences 136
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Takeru Yanagi
Arc Volcano of Japan
Generation of Continental Crust
from the Mantle
TakeruYanagi
Fukuoka
Japan
[email protected]
ISSN0930-0317
ISBN978-4-431-53995-7 e-ISBN978-4-431-53996-4
DOI10.1007/978-4-431-53996-4
SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2011933221
# Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2011
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Preface
ThisbookpresentsananalysisofourcurrentknowledgeontheoriginoftheEarth’s
continentalcrust.Therearetwoaspectstoconsider:tectonicandigneousprocesses.
Tectonicaspects include sedimentaryaccretion, terrane accretion,andcontinental
collision at continental margins, in association with plate subduction. These pro-
cesses result in the formation of large mountain belts, the building up of which
literallygrowsthecontinents.However,thesetectonicaspectsareconcernedwith
material recycling within the crust, and hence do not contribute to volumetric
growth of continental crust. Igneous processes concern separation of continental
crust from the mantle and result in the volumetric growth of continental crust.
Therefore,themain focus ofthisbookistosystematicallyexaminewhyandhow
theEarth’scontinentalcrustforms,byevaluatingmagmaticprocessesatislandarcs
wherenewcontinentalcrustforms.
Overyearsofresearch,ithasbeendiscoveredthatthechemicalcompositionof
the upper continental crust provides clues to the mechanism by which the Earth’s
continentalcrustdevelopsfromtheprimitivemantle.Althoughrockconfigurations
are complex, the chemical composition of the upper continental crust has been
uniform following the Archean, regardless of which continent or their ages.
Throughmyresearch,andthatofmanycolleagues,thestructureofmagmacham-
bershavecometobeunderstood,andwehaverecognizedtheirfunctionalsimila-
rities to island arc volcanoes. This is evident because continental crust is born
beneathisland arc volcanoes. This book outlines the research directions that have
allowedustoreachthisconclusion.
Chapters1–3constituteanintroductiontothetopic.Chapter1addressestectonic
sites where continental crust forms from the mantle; Chap. 2 presents chemical
compositionsofbothcontinentalcrustandtheprimitivemantlefromwhichconti-
nentalcrustseparates;andChap.3isabriefintroductiontothehistoryofigneous
petrology relevant to genesis of continental crust. Chapters 4–7 present explana-
tions regarding how the origin of continental crust has been elucidated. Chapter
8showshowthegeologyandtopographyofislandarcsarerelatedtotheformation
processesforcontinentalcrust.
v
vi Preface
Theconstructionofaconsistenttheoryontheoriginofcontinentalcrustiswell
underway. It is, however, still incomplete. I hope that the research process that is
presentedinthisshortbookmaystimulatefutureresearchdevelopmentinthisfield.
Itwouldgivemegreatpleasureifthisisachieved,evenjustalittle.
ThisbookistheEnglishversionofoneentitled“IslandArcVolcanoesandthe
Earth’s Continental Crust”, which was written in Japanese and published by
Kyushu University Press in 2008. Chapter 9 of the original book is not included
here, which described the crust of the Moon and terrestrial planets. In addition,
minorchangeshavebeenmadetothisversion,andthereferencesupdated.
Fukuoka,Japan TakeruYanagi
Acknowledgments
Themainpartofthisbookisasummaryofresearchconductedwithmycolleagues
atKyushuUniversityfrom1971to2004.TheyareI.Hirano,H.Kawano,S.Maeda,
S. Hirahara, H. Arikawa, Y. Ichimaru, S. Yamada, M. Ogata, M. Tanaka,
H.Matsushita,T.Ishida,J.Sato,T.Nagano,T.Takahashi,H.Mashima,K.Yamashita,
T.Ide,H.Matsuyama,T.Sugimoto,T.Myogan,H.Isshiki,Y.Uehara,H.Ishibashi,
R. Makiyama, T, Matsushita, R. Aoki, S. Kosono, and S. Goto. K. Ishizaka
collaborated with me in constructing the differentiation mechanism for volcanic
rocksoftheMyokovolcanic group. Inthis study,K. Hayatsuofferedrock samples
and geologic maps of the Myoko volcanic group. Many data were compiled from
the literature and used for the construction of relevant diagrams. K. Suwa gave me
invaluable opportunities and support to study Archean and Proterozoic geology
in Africa. R. Hamamoto, S. Nakada, T. Nishiyama, T. Ikeda, and T. Miyamoto
assisted me in many ways during the course of my work. E. Abe also helped with
drawingsandinpreparationofdraftsthroughoutmyresearch.Iwanttoexpressmy
sincere thanks to all these people. I am also deeply grateful to my wife Misao
Yanagiforherunderstandingandcontinuingsupport.
vii
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Contents
1 ContinentalCrustandGraniticPlutons ................................. 1
1.1 GrowthofContinentalCrust ........................................... 1
1.2 OrogenyandContinentalCrust ......................................... 2
1.3 GrowthTheoryversusSteady-StateTheory ........................... 3
1.4 ContinentalGrowthandBreakup ...................................... 5
References ................................................................... 6
2 ChemicalCompositionofContinentalCrust
andthePrimitiveMantle .................................................. 9
2.1 ContinentalCrust ....................................................... 9
2.2 ChemicalCompositionofContinentalCrust .......................... 10
2.3 ChemicalCompositionofthePrimitiveMantle ...................... 14
2.4 MassofPrimitiveMantleNecessaryforFormation
ofContinentalCrust ................................................... 15
References .................................................................. 16
3 OriginofMagmasoftheBowen’sSeries ................................ 19
3.1 MagmasoftheBowen’sSeries ........................................ 19
3.2 PartialMeltingofMantlePeridotite ................................... 23
References .................................................................. 24
4 SearchfortheFormationMechanismofContinentalCrust .......... 27
4.1 ThreeConstraints ...................................................... 27
4.2 AdvantagesofUsingMinorElements ................................ 30
4.3 PartialMeltingoftheMantleBeneathIslandArcs ................... 32
4.4 FractionalCrystallizationofMagma .................................. 34
4.5 PartialMeltingofBasalticCrust ...................................... 35
4.6 CrystallizationDifferentiationinaChamberThatIsContinuously
SuppliedwithPrimitiveMagma ....................................... 37
4.7 RemovalofCumulateintotheMantle ................................ 42
References .................................................................. 43
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