arc 204 history of european architecture - ii PDF
Preview arc 204 history of european architecture - ii
ARC 204 HISTORY OF EUROPEAN ARCHITECTURE ‐ II ROMANESQUE, GOTHIC & RENAISSANCE PERIOD ARC 204 HISTORY OF EUROPEAN ARCHITECTURE – II Presentation – Prof.M.Thirumeni SYLLABUS: PURPOSE To impart knowledge about the art & architecture of England, France and Italy during the middle ages and later period. INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES The course creates awareness about the various architectural movements that influenced the building traditions of the three European nations. Development of tthhe abbiilliitty tto skkettchh PPllans, secttiions, ellevattiions andd archhiittectturall ddettaiills iis allso iinttenddedd. . 1 ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE Evolution of religious orders in Christianity –Formation of guild of arts and crafts -Factors influencing Romanesquearchitecture -Outline of architecture character in Italy, France and England -Examples: Cathedral, Baptistery and leaning tower at Pisa in Italy; Abbayeaux Hommesat Caen in France and Tower of London in England. 2 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE French gothic -Religious and social influences -Evolution of vaulting and development of structural systems -Outline of Architectural character -Examples: Notre Dame at Paris -Development ofEnglish gothicvaulting -Outline of Architectural character in England and Italy -Examples: Westminster Abbey and Hampton Court Palace at London , Doges Palace at Venice, Milan Cathedral. 3 RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE IN ITALY Italian Renaissance-The idea off rebirth and revival off art –Factors inffluencing renaissance architecture -OOutline off Architectural character during the early Renaissance, High Renaissance and Baroque Periods -Features of a typical Renaissance palace -Examples. Palazzo Ricardi-Study of the contributions of the following architects: Brunelleschi, Michelangelo and Andrea Palladio -Examples -St. Peters basilica at Rome, Villa caprain Vicenza. 4 RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE IN FRANCE Factors influencing French renaissance -Architectural character during the classical & Rococo periods -Examples -Chateau de Chambord and the Louvre at PPaarriiss. 5 RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE IN ENGLAND Factors influencing English renaissance -Domestic architecture in Britain during the Elizabethan, Jacobean, Baroque and Georgian periods -Study of the works of Sir Christopher Wren & InigoJones, Examples -St. Paul's Cathedral at London and Banqueting House at Whitehall. ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE • After the decline of the Roman empire the building of large churches in western Europe known as “Cathedrals” started in a big way with the spread of organized monasteries called “Orders” under the rule of St.Benedict & others. • TThhee mmoonnkkss uusseedd aa ssiimmpplliiffiieedd RRoommaann ssttyyllee wwiitthh tthhiicckk llooaadd bbeeaarriinngg wwaallllss, ssttoouutt ccoolluummnnss, small window openings and semi circular arches that came to be known as the “Romanesque” style. They also revived the technique of building high vaults in masonry. • The term Romanesque refers to the period of European architecture that was based on rroommaann && bbyyzzaannttiinnee aarrtt ffrroomm tthhee ddeeppaarrttuurree ooff tthhee rroommaannss uupp ttoo tthhee eenndd ooff tthhee 1122tthh century when the pointed arch came to be used. • Various monastic orders were established such as the Benedictine order (teachers), Augustinian order (preachers), the Cistercian order (farmers), the Clunaic order (artists), andd tthhe CCartthhusiian ordder ((ascettiics)). TThhe monasttiic systtem ddevellopedd new metthhodds iin agriculture, science, art, letters and architecture. • A monastery would normally comprise of the church, a cloister court around which were built the dormitory, the sacristy and the chapter house. The refectory (dining) & kitchen were located on the other side of the cloister while the cellar was below the dormitory. • Each country developed its own regional version of the Romanesque style as can be seen in the Pisa group that is representative of Italy, the Abbey aux hommes, Caen, representingg France and the Durham Cathedral which is an example for Enggland. ITALIAN ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE •• FFaaccttoorrss iinnfflluueenncciinngg AArrcchhiitteeccttuurree • Geographical factors – Pisa became one of the major port cities in Italy along with Venice, Ravenna and Genoa. Geographical variations in architecture are classified into three distinct zones : 1.Central Italy, still under the influence of Rome, 2.Northern Italy in ccoonnttaacctt wwiitthh wweesstteerrnn EEuurrooppee && 33.SSoouutthheerrnn IIttaallyy, ooppeenn ttoo EEaasstteerrnn iinnfflluueenncceess. • Geological factors – Much material was obtained from the ruins of classical buildings. Stone was abundant in Tuscanny. Marble was brought from Carera and the greek islands. Brick and volcanic tufa (soil) were obtained from Rome & travertine from Tivoli. •• CClliimmaattiicc ffaaccttoorrss –– CCeennttrraall IIttaallyy hhaass aa ssuunnnnyy, mmeeddiitteerrrraanneeaann cclliimmaattee wwhhiicchh ddeemmaannddeedd small windows and thick walls to keep off the heat during day time. However, northern Italy experiences snowfall in winter, since it is nearer to the Alps and hence buildings have larger windows & pitched roofs to keep of the snow. Southern Italy has a subtropical climate and therefore flat roofs & open courtyards are common. • Religious influences – During this period, the Popes, Bishops & other members of the clergy gained power and hence religious buildings like large Cathedrals & Monasteries were constructed. Central Italy came to be ruled by the Pope & the religious fervor resulted in the Holy crusade wars to regain Palestine. • Social factors – The growth of trade & commerce led to the rise of powerful merchant families in Pisa, Venice and Genoa, who developed architecture & allied fields such as painting and sculpture to a very high level. • Historical factors – The people of the sea side cites had exposure to eastern art as result off tthhe ttraddiingg acttiiviittiies wiitthh otthher counttriies andd tthhiis IIsllamiic iinfflluence can bbe seen iin tthhe interior treatment of many cathedrals, especially in central and southern Italy. PLAN OF THE PISA CATHEDRAL SHOWING ITS VARIOUS PARTS TRANCEPT DDoouubbllee aaiissllee wwiitthh ccrroossss vvaauullttiinngg Large pier altar entry aappssee NAVE Small pier Single aisle Oval dome above Semi circular apse at the trancept • The interior view of the nave with the apsidal end shows the pointed arch of islamic origin and the roman semi circular arcading. • The clear storey slit windows bringing light into the nave & the coffered ceiling are typical ooff eeaarrllyy cchhrriissttiiaann cchhuurrcchheess.. • The interior view of the Apse shows the mosaic of Christ on the semi dome, in Byzantine style. The altar located in front of the apse is lit by a slit window. • This detail of the interior of the dome shows the ccoolloouurreedd mmoossaaiicc ooff CChhrriisstt, st.Mary & st. John on either side. Other paintings that adorn the apse also can be observed. • The gilded coffered ceiling can be seen. It displays the Medici coat of arms. • The treatment of the double arcading in the 1st floor can also be observed.
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