arc 203 history of european architecture

133 Pages·2012·14.34 MB·English

ARC 203 HISTORY OF EUROPEAN ARCHITECTURE – I
Presentation – Prof.M.Thirumeni
SYLLABUS:
PURPOSE
The aim is to impart knowledge about the art & architecture of the European, Egyptian & Middle eastern cultures, which have served as the cradle of human
civilization during the ancient and the classical time.
IINNSSTTRRUUCCTTIIOONNAALL OOBBJJEECCTTIIVVEESS
The course creates awareness about the various factors that influence the architectural productions of a particular culture and race. It also analyses the
planning,
construction, and aesthetics of important historical buildings and develops an appreciation of architectural style as a productof the time, place and culture.
1. ANCIENT EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE
FFaaccttoorrss iinnfflluueenncciinnggEEggyyppttiiaann AArrcchhiitteeccttuurree –EEvvoolluuttiioonn ooff TToommbb aanndd TTeemmppllee aarrcchhiitteeccttuurree -OOuuttlliinnee ooffAArrcchhiitteeccttuurraall CChhaarraacctteerr –EExxaammpplleess–TThhee GGrreeaatt PPyyrraammiiddss
at Gizeh, Great Temple of Ammonat Karnak, Mortuary temples of Ramesesat Thebes and Queen Hatsheputat Darelbahari.
2. ANCIENT ARCHITECTURE OF WEST ASIA
Evolution ofSumerian, Babylonian and Persian cultures–Factors influencing west asianarchitecture -Outline of architectural character -Examples –Ziggurat
at Ur, Palace of Sargon at Khorsabad, and Palace of Persepolis.
33.. CCLLAASSSSIICCAALL GGRREEEEKK AARRCCHHIITTEECCTTUURREE
Evolution of City states -The development of Hellenic & Hellenistic Art, Sculpture and Architecture –Factors influencing Greek architecture -Outline of
architectural character -Orders inGreek architecture-Doric, Ionic and Corinthian. –Optical corrections in Greek temples -Examples –Parthenon & Erectheon
at the Acropolis of Athens , Theatre of Epidaurus, Agora and Stoa.
4. ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
Evolution of Republican states inItaly–Roman masonry types –Methods of vault and dome construction –Tuscan and Composite order -Factors influencing
RRoommaann aarrcchhiitteeccttuurree -OOuuttlliinnee ooff aarrcchhiitteeccttuurraall cchhaarraacctteerr -EExxaammpplleess –PPaanntthheeoonn && CCoolllloosseeuummaatt RRoommee, TThheerrmmaaeeooff CCaarraaccaallllaa, BBaassiilliiccaa ooff CCoonnssttaannttiinnee, CCiirrccuuss
Maximusat Rome.
5. EARLY CHRISTIAN AND BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
Evolution of church form from the roman basilica –Factors influencing Early Christian architecture -Outline of architectural character -Example -St.Clemente
at Rome - Schism and the creation of Eastern and western roman empires –Factors influencing Byzantine architecture -Development of the dome &
pendentiveinByzantium–Architectural character -Example -St.Sophiaat Constantinople.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books
• 1. A World History of Architecture  by Michael Fazio (Author), Marian Moffett (Author), Lawrence Wodehouse
• 2. A Global History of Architecture  by Mark M. Jarzombek(Author), VikramadityaPrakash(Author), Francis D. K. Ching( Editor)
• 3. A History of Western Architecture by David Watkin
• 4. Banister Fletcher's A History of Architecture by Dan Cruickshank
• 55. TThhe HHiisttory off AArchhiittectture: SSettttiings andd RRiittualls bby TThhe llatte SSpiiro KKosttoff, GGreg CCasttiillllo andd RRiichhardd TTobbiias 
• 6. A Text‐Book of the History of Architecture Seventh Edition, revised by A. D. F. (Alfred Dwight Foster) Hamlin 
• 7. Travels in the History of Architecture by Robert Harbison
• 8. The Classical Language of Architecture (World of Art) by John Summerson
Weblinks
• 1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_architecture
• 22. hhttp:////www.bbc.eddu//content//bbc//siites//artwebb//archhiitecture.hhtmll
• 3. http://eng.archinform.net/index.htm
• 4. http://www.greatbuildings.com/
• 5. http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/index/index.html
• 6. httpp:////www.thais.it//default.htm
• 7. http://www.eahn.org/
• 8. http://arthistoryresources.net/ARTHLinks.html
ANCIENT EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
ANCIENT, MIDDLE & NEW KINGOM PERIOD
ANCIENT EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
FACTORS INFLUENCING ARCHITECTURE:
Geographical: The satellite imagery shows the narrow fertile strip of alluvial soil on the banks of river
Nile flowing through the desert, which made agriculture possible that resulted in the development of
towns & settlements on the eastern bank of the river. Egyptians built their pyramids & tomb structures
on the western bank, which was known as the valley of the dead. The Nile river also served as a route
of transport & communication & is considered to be sacred by the Egyptians as it serves as the life
blood of Egypt.
• FACTORS INFLUENCING ARCHITECTURE:
• Geological: Egypt had limestone in the north, sandstone in the central region & granite
in the south. The gigantic scale of Egyptian architecture was mainly possible due to the
Egyptian methods of quarrying, transporting & raising enormous blocks of stone to
posiittiion. SSun-ddriiedd && kkiilln bburntt bbriickks madde ffrom NNiille mudd && chhoppedd sttraw were usedd
for palaces & houses, while stone was used for pyramids & temples.
• Climatic: Egypt has a warm, sunny climate with very little rainfall that has led to the
pprreesseerrvvaattiioonn ooff iittss aanncciieenntt bbuuiillddiinnggss.. SSiinnccee ssuuffffiicciieenntt lliigghhtt rreeaacchheedd tthhee iinntteerriioorrss tthhrroouugghh
doors & roof slits, Egyptian architecture is characterized by the absence of windows. The
massive walls, without openings, protected the interior from the fierce desert sun & also
provided the surface for “hieroglyphics” which is a script with pictorial representations.
TThhe abbsence off raiin allso resullttedd iin tthhe use off ffllatt rooff wiitthh tthhiickk sttone sllabbs.
• Religious: The key note of the Egyptian religion is the submission to the power of the
sun god, Ammon & the worship of Osiris, the man-god who died & rose again to eternal
life. Egyptian religion had many gods representing the sun, moon, stars & animals. The
belief in life after death made the Egyptians to build numerous tomb-houses &
pyramids for the preservation of the dead.
• Social: the Pharaoh, who was considered to be the descendent of the sun god, headed a
despotic government, which employed vast armies of laborers in the erection of
monumental buildinggs,, when the annual inundations made aggriculture imppossible.
Social life is graphically depicted in the wall sculptures of tombs. Slave labor is written
all over the monuments of Egypt with the priests enjoying an exalted position in society.
• Historical: The Pharaohs who ruled Egypt have been divided into 30 dynasties & 3
ddiivviissiioonnss bbyy hhiissttoorriiaannss aass ffoolllloowwss::
1. Ancient kingdom (4400 – 2466 BC) – Mastabas were built during the 3rd dynasty & most
pyramids were built during the 4th dynasty.
2. Middle kingdom (2466 – 1600 BC) – 12th dynasty founded the great temple of Ammon
at karnak.
3. New kingdom ( 1600 – 332 BC) – Thebes became the capital & queen Hatsheput
constructed the terraced temple at Der-el –bahari. Amenophis III built the temple at
luxor & Rameses II comppleted the hyyppostyyle hall of Ammon tempple,, built the rock
temple at Abu simbel & the Ramesseum at Thebes, mainly by using the slave labor of
the hebrews.
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER OF EGYPT
• The walls of Egyptian buildings are sloped on the outside, which is
rreeffeerrrreedd ttoo aass tthhee “bbaatttteerr” ooff tthhee wwaallllss, wwhhiillee rreemmaaiinniinngg vveerrttiiccaall oonn tthhee iinnssiiddee.
These windowless walls were suitable for their relief sculptures known as hieroglyphics.
• Egyptian columns have an inverted bell capital derived from the papyrus flower or the
bbuudd ccaappiittaall ddeerriivveedd ffrroomm tthhee lloottuuss bbuudd..
••TTeemmpplleess aarree aapppprrooaacchheedd bbyy aavveennuueess ooff sspphhiinnxxeess, wwiitthh tthhee bbooddyy ooff aa lliioonn && tthhee hheeaadd ooff aa
man, ram or hawk. The entrance to the temples are articulated by massive pylons. The
interior of temples have great courts, hypostyle (pillared) halls & mysterious chambers.
Light was brought to the interior of temples using clear story lighting method & all wall
surfaces and columns had pictorial frescoes & carvings, painted in brilliant colors.
•Egyptian architecture is impressive for its monumental scale, the solidity & the eternal
character of its buildings.
EVOLUTION OF PYRAMIDS
•At first priests & high ranking officials came to be buried in tombs that were known as
mastabas. Most of them had many storage chambers for storing all types of goods needed
iin tthhe nextt lliiffe. HHowever, ddue tto ffrequentt tthhefftts, an undder ggroundd ttombb kknown as tthhe
stairway mastaba came to be preferred. The picture above shows the early mastabas at
Giza with false doors & other safety devices.
ZOSER’S STEPPED PYRAMID AT SAKKARA
The step pyramid of pharaoh Zoser was an
intermediate stage in the evolution of the
ppyyrraammiidd. IIttss aarrcchhiitteecctt IImmhhootteepp bbuuiilltt iitt iinn ssttaaggeess.
It was started as a square, solid mastaba, but a
series of extensions made it into a six stepped
pyramid with a rectangular ground-plan.
TThhee ZZoosseerr ccoommpplleexx iiss rreeccttaanngguullaarr iinn ppllaann
& the enclosure wall measuring 549m x
274m &rises to a height of 9m. The old
structure was an under ground burial
chamber, which was extended to a 25’ht
rectangular base. In the 2nd stage it grew
into a step pyramid with 4stages. Later 2
mmoorree ssttaaggeess wweerree aaddddeedd ttoo mmaakkee iitt aa 66
tiered pyramid. The entire complex is built
of tura limestone including the offering
chapel.