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Arbeit. Wohnen. Computer.: Zur Utopie in der bildenden Kunst und Architektur der DDR in den 1960er Jahren PDF

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Preview Arbeit. Wohnen. Computer.: Zur Utopie in der bildenden Kunst und Architektur der DDR in den 1960er Jahren

Arbeit. WWWooohhhnnneeennn... Computer. Zur Utopie in der bildenden Kunst und Architektur der DDR in den 1960er Jahren Oliver Sukrow HEIDELBERG UNIVERSITY PUBLISHING Arbeit. Wohnen. Computer. Oliver Sukrow Arbeit. Wohnen. Computer. Zur Utopie in der bildenden Kunst und Architektur der DDR in den 1960er Jahren Mit einem Vorwort von Lucian Hölscher HEIDELBERG UNIVERSITY PUBLISHING Über den Autor Oliver Sukrow studierte Kunstgeschichte in Greifswald, Salzburg und Colchester, promovierte 2012 bis 2016 an der Universität Heidelberg und war 2014 bis 2016 Baden-Württemberg-Stipendiat am Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte München. Seit 2016 ist er wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter am Institut für Kunstgeschichte, Bauforschung und Denkmalpflege der TU Wien. Zu seinen Forschungsschwerpunkten zählen Zukunftsdarstel- lungen in der bildenden Kunst und Architektur, die Wahrnehmung und Darstellung von Landschaft und die Architektur und bildenden Kunst in der DDR. Gedruckt mit freundlicher Unterstützung der Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur und der Wüstenrot Stiftung. Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie. Detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet unter http://dnb.ddb.de abrufbar. Dieses Werk ist unter der Creative Commons-Lizenz 4.0 (CC BY-SA 4.0) veröffentlicht. Die Umschlaggestaltung unterliegt der Creative-Commons-Lizenz CC BY-ND 4.0. Die Online-Version dieser Publikation ist auf den Verlagswebseiten von Heidelberg University Publishing http://heiup.uni-heidelberg.de dauerhaft frei verfügbar (open access). urn: urn:nbn:de:bsz:16-heiup-book-422-4 doi: https://doi.org/10.17885/heiup.422 Umschlagabbildungen Vorderseite: Richard Paulick, Akademie der marxistisch-leninistischen Organisations- wissenschaft, Berlin-Wuhlheide, 1969, Haupteingang mit dem Wandrelief von Willi Neubert, Blick von Südosten, Architekturmuseum der TU München. Rückseite: Dieter Urbach, Visualisierung von Josef Kaisers »Großhügelhaus«, 1971, farbige Collage, Josef-Kaiser-Archiv, Dresden. Text © 2018, Oliver Sukrow ISBN 978-3-947732-09-8 (Hardcover) ISBN 978-3-947732-10-4 (Softcover) ISBN 978-3-947732-11-1 (PDF) Inhaltsverzeichnis Danksagung und Anmerkung zu den Bildrechten                                                                                11 Vorwort                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       13 Auftakt: Vergangene Zukünfte im Kalten Krieg: Hermann Bauers Kunst und Utopie                                                                                                                                               15 1 Einleitung Utopie, bildende Kunst und Architektur in der DDR   Von Wunschräumen und Wunschzeiten (im Sozialismus)                                                                 19 1 1  Forschungsgegenstand: Eine kurze Begriffsgeschichte der Utopie                                                                                    1  9 1 2  Forschungsstand                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2   6    1 2 1  » Erfahrungsraum und Erwartungshorizont« sozialistischer Bildwelten                                                                           2 6 1 2 2  B indekräfte der Utopie                                                                                                                                                                                                          3    1   1 2 3  P ositionen der Kunstgeschichte zur Utopie in der bildenden Kunst und Architektur                                     3  3 1 2 4  E xkurs: Positionen der Kunstgeschichtsschreibung in der DDR                                                                                               3  8 1 2 5  R esümee                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                4    4    1 3  Quellenlage                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         4    5    1 4  Methoden                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             4    6    1 4 1  V ergangene Zukünfte und historische Zukunftsforschung                                                                                                          4   6 1 4 2  E igenwahrnehmung in der »sozialistischen Moderne« und die Notwendigkeit  einer kritischen Historisierung                                                                                                                                                                                       4    9  1 5  Fragestellung                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    5    6    1 6  Ziele der Arbeit: Die Utopie in der DDR der 1960er Jahre als Facette eines  »partizipatorischen Gesellschaftsprojekts«                                                                                                                                                      5   9  1 7  Struktur der Arbeit                                                                                                                                                                                                                      6   4    5 6 Inhaltsverzeichnis 2 Der historisch-politische Kontext Die 1960er Jahre als »utopisches Jahrzehnt«                                                                                                             67 2 1  Einleitung                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              6    7    2 2  Vom NÖSPL zum ÖSS: Die gesellschaftlichen und ökonomischen Bedingungen im Zeitalter  der Reformen von oben                                                                                                                                                                                                        6    9   2 3  Kritik am wirtschaftlich-gesellschaftlichen Reformp rogramm Ulbrichts und Machtwechsel  zu Honecker                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       7    4    2 4  Zur Bedeutung und Funktion der Prognose im »utopischen Jahrzehnt« der DDR                                             7 7 2 4 1  E inführung: Hauptlinien der Zukunftsforschung in Ost und West                                                                                       7  7 2 4 2  K ybernetik und Prognose als Medien der Zukunftsantizipation und -gestaltung                                                8 1 2 4 3  » Zukunftspathos als Legitimationsressource« oder: Wie in den 1960er Jahren in der DDR  Zukünfte gedacht wurden                                                                                                                                                                                                  8   5   2 4 3 1 Z ukunftsvorstellungen zentralistisch: Die »Prognosegruppe Kultur« im  Strategischen Arbeitskreis beim Politbüro des ZK der SED                                                                                                           8   5 2 4 3 2 Z ukunftsvorstellung intellektuell-theoretisch: »Zukunftskonzeptionen der Architektur«  von Bruno Flierl                                                                                                                                                                                                                               9   4    2 4 3 3 Z ukunftsvorstellung institutionell: »Prognoseentwurf der Hochschule für Architektur und  Bauwesen Weimar im Zeitraum 1970–1985«                                                                                                                                             1   02 2 4 4  R esümee: Von der Prognose der Zukunft zum Bild der Zukunft                                                                                         1  11 3 Arbeit Josep Renau und die künstlerische Suche nach dem Abbild des »Zukünftigen Arbeiters« im Sozialismus                                                                                                           113 3 1  Einleitung: Dürer und Renau – Menschenbilder im Sozialismus                                                                                           1  13 3 2  »Sozialistischer Übermensch« und »Helden auf Zeit«: Diskussionen um das sozialistische  Menschenbild in der Kunst und Kunstwissenschaft der 1960er Jahre                                                                           1 18 3 3  »New Images of Man«? – Parallele Debatten um das Menschenbild in Ost und West                                 120 3 4  Renaus »Zukünftiger Arbeiter im Sozialismus«  Eine anachronistische Ikone der  wissenschaftlich-technischen Revolution in der DDR                                                                                                                        1   27 3 4 1  E inleitung: Kybernetik und Arbeiter in der bildenden Kunst                                                                                                    1  27 3 4 2  » Im Übrigen würde ich mich sehr freuen, wenn Sie mich möglichst umgehend einmal  in meinem Berliner Büro […] besuchen würden « – Der Auftrag eines Wandbildes für  das Foyer der AMLO und die weitere Planungsgeschichte                                                                                                        1  28 3 4 3  Z um Entwurfsprozess des Wandbildes  Oder: Die Zukunft an der Küchenwand                                                137 3 4 4  B ildbeschreibung: Der »Zukünftige Arbeiter« zwischen Antike und Computerzeitalter                           142 3 4 5  Z um architektonisch-räumlichen Kontext des Wandbildes im Raumgefüge der AMLO                            150 3 4 6  Z ur Interpretation: Das Wandbild als antizipierte »Aufhebung der  technologischen Entfremdung«                                                                                                                                                                                1   5 2 3 4 7  G  estalterische Gründe für das Scheitern des Wandbildprojektes                                                                                      1  56 3 5  Der Mensch im Bild- und Stadtraum: Renaus Wandbilder für das Bildungszentrum  von Halle-Neustadt                                                                                                                                                                                                                   1   5  9 3 5 1  E inleitung: Halle-Neustadt als doppelte Kunst-Stadt                                                                                                                        1   59 3 5 2  P lanungs- und Auftragsgeschichte der Wandbilder                                                                                                                           1   62 3 5 3  G  estalterisch-stilistische Beobachtungen zu den Hallenser Wandbildern                                                                 1 79 3 5 4  D  ie Aussage der Wandbilder am Bildungszentrum                                                                                                                           1   86 3 6  Ausblick: Die Gemäldegalerie im Berliner Palast der Republik und das Ende  der technokratisch-utopischen Menschenbilder                                                                                                                                    1   89 Inhaltsverzeichnis  7 4 Wohnen Wie lebt der Mensch der Zukunft? Josef Kaiser und die Suche nach  der zukünftigen Architektur im Sozialismus                                                                                                           195 4 1  Einleitung: Die Frage nach dem Wohnen in der Zukunft                                                                                                              1  95 4 2  Josef Kaiser: Überblick über Leben und Werk                                                                                                                                            1   99 4 3  Kaisers Beiträge zu einer (sozialistischen) Architekturtheorie in den 1960er Jahren                                 209 4 3 1  Einleitung: Die Stellung der Theorie                                                                                                                                                                    2    09 4 3 2  Nachdenken über das industrielle Bauen und zur Rolle des Architekten:  Kaisers Kommentare zur Baupraxis der 1960er Jahre                                                                                                                     2   10 4 3 2 1 Einleitung                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           2   1   0 4 3 2 2 »Weltstand der Architektur und wir« (1963)                                                                                                                                                2   10 4 3 2 3 » Wie kann man Berlin modern bauen?« (1964)                                                                                                                                       2   16 4 3 3  K aisers Vorlesung über »Theorie und Praxis architektonischen Gestaltens« am WBI  der HAB Weimar (1969)                                                                                                                                                                                                       2   1  7 4 3 3 1 Einführung: Das WBI der HAB Weimar                                                                                                                                                              2    17 4 3 3 2 D  as Weiterbildungsprogramm des WBI                                                                                                                                                           2    20 4 3 3 3 K aisers Vorlesung am WBI                                                                                                                                                                                              2    2 2 4 3 4  » Über das Wesen der Architektur und die Voraussetzungen zu ihrer Entwicklung  (Ein Beitrag zur Erarbeitung einer sozialistischen Architekturtheorie)« (1970)                                                      233 4 4  Das Großhügelhaus-Projekt Kaisers als sozialistische Megastruktur:  »In der Stadt der Zukunft«                                                                                                                                                                                              2    3 5 4 4 1  Einleitung: Das Großhügelhaus als Zukunftsort                                                                                                                                     2   35 4 4 2  P lanungs- und Auftragsgeschichte                                                                                                                                                                       2   3 8 4 4 3  D  ie Beschreibung der »Stadt der Zukunft« (1967)                                                                                                                               2   53 4 4 4  F unktionale Gliederung und architektonische Gestaltung  der »sozialistischen Stadt als Modellfall«                                                                                                                                                         2   61 4 4 5  D  ie Verbreitung von Kaisers Konzept und dessen Rezeption                                                                                                  2  64 4 4 6  K aisers Weimarer »Kurzvorträge zu neuen Wohnformen« (1969–1971)                                                                    2 70 4 4 7  » Die vorliegende Arbeit hat den Charakter einer Anregung« –  Letzte Versuche zur Realisierung der sozialistischen Megas truktur                                                                                2 74 4 4 8  E xkurs: Macettis »Großwohneinheiten« (1968) als Blaupause für Kaisers Konzept?                                     278 4 4 9  D  ie mediale Rezeption des Großhügelhaus-Projektes                                                                                                                     2   84 4 4 10  D  ieter Urbachs Architekturbilder der Megastruktur: »Wunschraum und Wunschzeit«  sozialistischer Wohnträume                                                                                                                                                                                           2    9 0 4 4 11  Z usammenfassung: Zur Bedeutung des Großhügelhaus-Projekts  im »utopischen Jahrzehnt« der DDR                                                                                                                                                                    3    02 4 5  Exkurs: Auf der Suche nach der Wohnung im »Haus der Zukunft«                                                                                  3 04 4 5 1  Der FDJ-Wettbewerb zum »Zukünftigen Wohnen« an der HAB Weimar (1961)                                                   304 4 5 2  » Wohnen Zeigen« – Zur Semantik der Wohnraumdarstellung in der Moderne                                                   309 4 5 3  W  ohn-Modelle sozialistischen Wohnens                                                                                                                                                         3   10 4 5 4  S ozialistische Wohnkulturen                                                                                                                                                                                        3    1 6 4 6  Ausblick: Von der »Stadt der Zukunft« zur bürgerlichen Wohnkultur                                                                             3 20 8 Inhaltsverzeichnis 5 Computer Die Akademie der marxistisch-leninistischen Organisations wissenschaft  als gebaute Kybernetik  Planungs- und Baugeschichte, Ausstattung und  Konzept eines sozialistischen Zukunftsortes                                                                                                          323 5 1  Die AMLO als »Zukunftsort«: Räume der Wissens-Produktion im Sozialismus                                                     323 5 2  Automatisierung, Steuerung, Systemtheorie und Rechentechnik im »utopischen Jahrzehnt«: Zum technik- und ideengeschichtlichen Kontext der AMLO                                                                                                     3  27 5 2 1  Was heißt und zu welchem Ende studiert man marxistisch-leninistische  Organisationswissenschaft?                                                                                                                                                                                         3    2 7 5 2 2  » Die DDR ist richtig programmiert« – mediale Diskurse über Computertechnik in der DDR  am Beispiel der Rechenanlage R300                                                                                                                                                                    3    33 5 2 3  E xkurs: »Räumlich-kubisch, strukturell, grafisch, farbig« – Der Industriegestalter  Karl Clauss Dietel und der R300                                                                                                                                                                                3   4 6 5 2 4  D  ie Darstellung des R300 in der bildenden Kunst der 1960er Jahre                                                                                3 50 5 3  Der Beitrag der »Exhibition Studies« für eine Kulturgeschichte sozialistischer Bildwelten                   368 5 3 1  A uf dem Weg zur IL 69: Die Diskussion um die »Produktionspropaganda im Bauwesen«                    374 5 3 2  » […] den Betrachtern den Zusammenhang zwischen Organisation und elektronischer  Datenverarbeitung bewußt machen« – Das »Ideenprojekt für die IL 69«  der DEWAG Leipzig (1968)                                                                                                                                                                                               3    8 0 5 4  Die politische Planungs- und Baugeschichte des Komplexes in der Berliner Wuhlheide   Vom IBZ zur AMLO                                                                                                                                                                                                                   3   9  4 5 4 1  D  ie drei Phasen in der Geschichte der AMLO                                                                                                                                             3   94 5 4 2  D  ie erste Phase: Vom Konzept bis zur Eröffnung (1968–1969)                                                                                               3  94 5 4 3  D  ie zweite Phase: Eröffnung, Lehrgangstätigkeit und Erweiterungspläne (1969–1971)                           414 5 4 4  D  ie dritte Phase: Ende und Abwicklung der AMLO (1971–1973)                                                                                           4  25 5 4 5  A usblick: Reaktivierungsideen der 1970er und 1990er Jahre                                                                                                  4  29 5 5  Die Wahrnehmung der AMLO und ihrer Ausstellungen                                                                                                                4  32 5 5 1  Berichte von Lehrgangsteilnehmern und anderen Zeitzeugen                                                                                            4  32 5 5 2  D  ie AMLO im Weiterbildungssystem der DDR                                                                                                                                          4   37 5 6  Architekturanalyse: Die AMLO als gebaute Kybernetik                                                                                                                   4  39 5 6 1  Äußere und innere Gestaltung                                                                                                                                                                                   4   3 9 5 6 2  D  er Beitrag Richard Paulicks für die Gestaltung der AMLO: Zwischen Messe- und  Industriearchitektur                                                                                                                                                                                                                4   4  4 5 7  Ausstellungsanalyse: Raumkünstlerische Gestaltung und Organisation  der AMLO-Lehrschauen                                                                                                                                                                                                     4   4  8 5 7 1  K laus-Peter Zoellner und die Beschreibung des 38  AMLO-Lehrgangs (1970)                                                      448 5 7 2  G  estaltungsprinzipien der DEWAG Leipzig für die AMLO-Lehrschauen                                                                       4 53 5 7 3  D  ie Ausstellung in der AMLO als »kybernetische Kette«                                                                                                                4  57 5 7 4  » Kämpfer und Sieger – XX Jahre DDR«, »Architektur und bildende Kunst«  »III  Zentrale Leistungsschau«  Ausstellungsanalyse und Vergleich zur AMLO                                                    461 5 8  »Putting Science in its Place«  Das Organisations- und Rechenzentrum der AMLO als  architektonischer, gestalterischer und ideeller Höhepunkt der Anlage                                                                       4 75 6 Resümee Die utopische Vision der »Aussöhnung von Arbeit, Kunst  und Wissenschaft« in der wissenschaftlich-technischen Revolution                           485

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