Arabs and empires before Islam PDF
Preview Arabs and empires before Islam
ARABS AND EMPIRES BEFORE ISLAM Arabs and Empires before Islam Editedby GREG FISHER 1 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OX26DP, UnitedKingdom OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries #OxfordUniversityPress2015 Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted FirstEditionpublishedin2015 Impression:1 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthe priorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermitted bylaw,bylicenceorundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographics rightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeofthe aboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,atthe addressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyOxfordUniversityPress 198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016,UnitedStatesofAmerica BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015933308 ISBN 978–0–19–965452–9 Printedandboundby CPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon,CR04YY LinkstothirdpartywebsitesareprovidedbyOxfordingoodfaithand forinformationonly.Oxforddisclaimsanyresponsibilityforthematerials containedinanythirdpartywebsitereferencedinthiswork. ’ Editor s Acknowledgments Manypeoplehelpedwiththedevelopmentandproductionofthisbook:Iam grateful to all of the contributors for their good humourand patience as this project was assembled, and, in particular, to Michael Macdonald, Walter Ward,andPhilipWoodfortheirimmensehelpinshapingthefinalproduct. Pierre-Louis Gatier and Maurice Sartre kindly shared work in progress, and helpedtoprovideEnglishtranslationsforsomeoftheinscriptionsdiscussedin the book. George Bevan provided invaluable assistance with numerous in- scriptions and texts. Averil Cameron and Fergus Millar have offered advice and constant encouragement. Roger Blockley, Elizabeth DePalma Digeser, Hugh Elton, Elizabeth Key Fowden, Anthony Kaldellis, and Michael Pregill volunteered their time to read drafts of chapters, and provided valuable criticisms and suggestions. Annie Rose at Oxford University Press patiently answeredmyendlessqueries,andhelpedtobringthisbooktofruition.Outof thiscollaboration,anyerrorswhichremainare,ofcourse,myown. I am grateful to the Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at Carleton, John Osborne, for a subvention supporting this project, and to the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, for a research grant which provided immense help in the preparation of this volume. The Saudi Commission for Tourism and Antiquities facilitated research travel in Saudi Arabia, and I am grateful to both Suha Kopti in Amman and Chantal Chenede in London for their marvellous organizational skills, which saved bothtimeandeffortonnumerousvisitstoJordanandSyria,respectively. ThanksarealsoduetomystudentsatCarleton,especiallyAnikLaferriere, Hajar Tohmé, and Scott Winges, for their help with research, proofing, and collectingsourcematerial. My wife, Paola, and daughter, Amanda, have patiently endured the long gestationofthisbook.Tothem,too,Iameternallygrateful. GregFisher Hudson,Quebec Contents ListofIllustrations ix ListofAbbreviations xiii ListofContributors xvi CopyrightNotices xix TransliterationConventions xxiv LeadersofArabDynastiesandtheKingdomofḤimyar xxv Editor’sIntroduction 1 GregFisher 1. ArabsandEmpiresbeforetheSixthCentury 11 MichaelC.A.Macdonald,withcontributionsfromAldoCorcella, TourajDaryaee,GregFisher,MattGibbs,ArielLewin,Donata Violante,andConorWhately 2. BeforeḤimyar:EpigraphicEvidencefortheKingdomsof SouthArabia 90 ChristianJulienRobin 3. Ḥimyar,Aksūm,andArabiaDesertainLateAntiquity: TheEpigraphicEvidence 127 ChristianJulienRobin 4. TheArchaeologicalEvidencefortheJafnidsandtheNasṛids 172 DenisGenequand 5. ArabsintheConflictbetweenRomeandPersia,ad491–630 214 PeterEdwell,withcontributionsfromGregFisher,Geoffrey Greatrex, ConorWhately,andPhilipWood 6. ArabsandChristianity 276 GregFisherandPhilipWood, withcontributionsfromGeorge Bevan,GeoffreyGreatrex, BasemaHamarneh, PeterSchadler, andWalterWard 7. ProvinciaArabia:Nabataea,theEmergenceofArabicasa WrittenLanguage,andGraeco-Arabica 373 ZbigniewT.Fiema,AhmadAl-Jallad,MichaelC.A.Macdonald, andLaïlaNehmé OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,15/7/2015,SPi viii Contents 8. ArabicandPersianSourcesforPre-IslamicArabia 434 HarryMunt,withcontributionsfromTourajDaryaee,Omar Edaibat,RobertHoyland,andIsabelToral-Niehoff EpigraphicandPapyrologicalSigla 501 Bibliography 503 IndexofSources 556 GeneralIndex 560 List of Illustrations MAPS Figure0.1 MapoftheNearEast,indicatingthe200mmisohyetandthe geographicalareacoveredbythisvolume. 3 Figure1.1 Thedistributionofpeoplesdescribedas‘Arabs’bythetime ofPompey’sconquestofSyriain63bc. 14 Figure1.2 ThetraderoutesinancientArabiaandtheLevantbetweenthe mid-firstmillenniumbcandtheearlycenturiesad. 16 Figure2.1 YemenbeforetheemergenceofthekingdomofḤimyar. 95 Figure2.8 TheconquestsandachievementsofKaribʾīlWatār. 124 Figure3.1 YemeninthetimeofthekingdomofḤimyar. 128 Figure3.5 TheexpeditionscommemoratedbytheinscriptionofʿAbadān. 143 Figure3.6 ArabiaandEthiopiainthetimeofthekingdomofḤimyar. 146 Figure3.7 ThemilitarycampaignsoftheKingsMaʿdīkaribYaʿfur(521) andAbraha(552). 157 Figure4.1 MapoftheNearEast,showingsitesdiscussedinCh.4. 173 Figure5.1 ThelateantiqueNearEast,indicatinglocationsdiscussedinCh.5. 216 Figure6.1 MapindicatingsitesdiscussedinCh.6. 321 Figure6.17 MapshowingthelocationofZabadandḤarrān. 348 Figure7.1 TheNabataeankingdom. 374 Figure7.2 ProvinciaArabiaandTresPalaestinaeinlateantiquity. 386 OTHER FIGURES Figure1.3 ATaymaniticgraffitomentioningNaboniduskingofBabylon. 17 Figure1.4 ATaymaniticgraffitomentioningDadan. 18 Figure1.5 ATaymaniticgraffitofromawatchtowernearTaymāʾ. 19 Figure1.6 AstelawithadedicationinDadanitic. 21 Figure1.7 ADadaniticinscriptionrecordingtheperformanceofthe zḷlceremony. 23 Figure1.8 ASafaiticgraffitoanddrawingfromnorth-easternJordan. 25 Figure1.9 ASafaiticgraffitobyamanwhoidentifieshimselfasamember ofamilitaryunitdrawnfromhistribe. 26
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