Arabs and Berbers: From Tribe to Nation in North Africa PDF
Preview Arabs and Berbers: From Tribe to Nation in North Africa
Arabs and Berbers FROM TRIBE TO NATION IN NORTH AFRICA EDITED BY Ernest Gellner AND Charles Micaud DUCKWORTH First published in Great Britain in 1973 by Gerald Duckworth and Co. Ltd. The Old Piano Factory, 43 Gloucester Crescent, London NWi © 1972 by D. C. Heath and Company All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, mthout the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN o 7156 0639 5 Printed in Great Britain by Ebenezer Baylis and Son Ltd. The Trinity Press, Worcester, and London CONTENTS PREFACE 9 introduction Ernest Gellner n The traditional base part one 1 The tribe in modem Morocco: two case studies 25 David M. Hart 2 Political and religious organization of the Berbers of the central High Atlas 59 Ernest Gellner 3 The socio-political organization of a Berber Taraf tribe: pre-protectorate Morocco 67 Antal R. Vinogradov 4 Berber imperialism: the Ait Atta expansion in southeast Morocco 85 Ross E. Dunn 5 Local politics and state intervention: northeast Morocco from 1870 to 1970 109 J. David Seddon 6 The Mzab 141 E. A. Alport Ethnicity and nation part two 7 The social and conceptual framework of Arab-Berber relations in central Morocco 155 Lawrence Rosen 8 The image of the Moroccan state in French ethnolo gical literature: a new look at the origin of Lyautey’s Berber policy 175 Edmund Burke III 9 The impact of the Dahir Berbère in Salé 201 Kenneth Brown 10 The Berbers and the rise of Moroccan nationalism 217 Louis-Jean Duelos 11 Tribalism, trade and politics: the transformation of the Swasa of Morocco 231 John Waterbary 12 The neo-makhzan and the Berbers 259 Abdaslam Ben Kaddour 13 Note on the role of the Berbers in the early days of Moroccan independence 269 A. Coram 14 The political evolution of the Berbers in independent Morocco 277 Octave Marais 15 The Berbers in the Algerian political elite 285 William B. Quandt Ethnicity and social change part three 16 Traditionalism through ultra-modernism 307 Jeanne Favret 17 Berber migrants in Casablanca 325 André Adam 18 Social change among the Tuareg 345 Jeremy H. Keenan ' 19 Patterns of rural rebellion in Morocco during the early years of independence 361 Ernest Gellner 20 Political authority and social stratification in Mauritania 375 C. C. Stewart part four The coup of xo July 1971 21 The coup manqué 397 John Waterbary 22 The Berbers and the coup 425 A. Coram 23 Berbers and the Moroccan political system after the coup Octave Marais 431 conclusion Charles Micaud 433 441 INDEX ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURES 3.1 Typical segmentary organization among the Beni Mtir 71 4.1 Segmentation of the Ait Khabbash 87 15.1 Berbers within the Algerian elite: the revolutionary period 293 15.2 Berbers within the Algerian elite: the Ben Bella and Boumedienne periods 300 MAPS 0.1 North-West Africa with regions of Berber speech 16-17 4.1 Ait Atta expansion 91 4.2 The Ziz Valley and Tafilalt 94 5.1 Morocco no 5.2 Province of Nador, northeast Morocco in 5.3 Distribution of tribes in northeast Morocco 112 18. i West-Central Sahara 346 18.2 Ahaggar 347 21. i Morocco and the coup of 1971 408 PREFACE -------1--------- We acknowledge our indebtedness to the Center for International Race Relations at the University of Denver which made this book possible. Besides exploring the significance of ethnicity in the process of nationbuilding and modernization in North Africa, the present volume makes available contributions by scholars with an intimate knowledge of various aspects of North African society, contribu tions that might otherwise not reach the large audience they deserve. We hope that the many case studies brought together here will give students of North Africa a unique and many-sided background for understanding a complex society, in which traditional structures and values continue to play a major role. Except for five reprints of articles, listed in the following paragraph, the contri butions appear for the first time. All articles (except of course those of Part Four) were completed well before the Moroccan events of July 1971. We have judged it preferable to retain the coherence of analysis and argument, rather than attempt any last-minute injection of new illustrative material. We thank the following for permission to reprint: the Editor of Man for The Mzab by E. A. Alport; the Editorial Board of Archives européennes de sociologie for Traditionalism through Ultra-modernism by Jeanne Favret; Dr Alan Horton and the American Universities Field Staff for The Coup Manqué by John Waterbury; the Editorial Board of the European Journal of Sociology for Patterns of Rural Rebellion in Morocco during the Early Years of Independence by Ernest Gellner; and to the International African Institute for the map on pp. 16-17. Political and Religious Organization of the Berbers of the Central High Atlas by Ernest Gellner was orginally presented at the World Anthropological Congress in Moscow in 1964. We are grateful to Miss Adrian Adams for her excellent translation of the manuscripts received in French; to Mrs Thelma O’Brien for her invaluable secretarial assistance to Professor Gellner; and to Susan Gellner for putting in a very great deal of work on the Index. We also acknowledge our gratitude to the contributors of the volume, who agreed so readily to participate in this team effort. E. G. and C. M.
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