Arabic grammar introduced as a foreign language. Morphology, syntax, lexicon analysis

230 Pages·2016·4.11 MB·English

by  Khoshaba M.P.

ARABIC GRAMMAR
INTRODUCED
AS A
FOREIGN LANGUAGE
MORPHOLOGY, SYNTAX, LEXICON
ANALYSIS
MATTIPHILIPSKHOSHABA(AL-BAZI)
MATFL
This studyappearedfirstinthe discussionsoftheCross linguistic Class
AnalysisinMontereyInternationalInstituteMIISin2000
LibraryofCongress
UnitedStatesCopyrightOfficeinaccordancewithtitle17,UnitedstatesCode,
atteststhatregistrationhasbeenmadefortheworkcertified
ARABICGRAMMAR
INTRODUCED
ASA
FOREIGNLANGUAGE
Morphology,Syntax,andLexicon
MattiPhillipsKhoshaba(Al-Bazi)
TXu1-339-258
12-16-07
ISBN978-1-60461-601-9
Acknowledgment
IamgreatlyindebtedtoDr.VanLier,whoranapracticalclassof
sociolinguisticcrossculturalanalysislessonsinMontereyInternationalInstitute
(MIIS)in2000;a class thatallstudentswereabletosharetheirlinguisticissuesto
categorize,analyze,compare,anddiscoverforteaching/learning theirownnative
languages.
Ialsowouldhave notbeenabletoanalyzeallthesecasesof morphsand
allomorphs,phonesandallophones,homophones andotherissues ifitwerenotfor
Dr.Marshal,inthe Sacramento StateUniversity(SSU,)a professorwhoraisedmy
awareness andlevelinhisclassof“PedagogicalGrammar”in1993 andthat,infact,
helped mealottoputthisbooktogether.
IamverygratefultoDr.Leaver,BettyLou,a multi-lingual grammarfield
adeptandaPh.D. expertinteachingforeignlanguagesfordistinguished levels,who
empowered mebyherbooksandarticles todo moreonmyowninthisfield.
Matti PhillipsKhoshaba(Al-Bazi)
AssociateProfessor
2008
III
Contents Page
1. ArabicAlphabets 1
2. Introduction 4
3. ArabicVerbs(presentform) 5
4. Dualmorpheme 8
5. Thebuilt-inPronouns 10
6. PastTenseSuffixes 13
7. 3-consonantNoun(VN) 14
8. Verbswithvowelletters 14
9. Almithal(assimilated) Verbs 17
10. AlAjwaf (hollow)Verbs 20
11. AlNaqis(short)Verbs 30
12. QuadrilateralVerbs 33
13. Imperative 34
14. Morph-syntactictable 38
15. MeasureII 39
16. MeasureV 47
17. MeasureIII 51
18. MeasureVI 56
19. MeasureIV 60
20. MeasureVII 65
21. MeasureVIII 69
22. MeasureIX 77
23. MeasureX 78
24. PassiveandPassivity 83
25. ArabicWordOrder 85
26. HollowVerbsinPassiveVoice 89
27. VerbsofCertainpredictions 91
28. NounCasesTable 94
29. Nounsasfreemorphemes 95
30. Humanbeings 95
31. Animals 97
32. SmallnessConcept(insects….) 98
33. InanimateNouns 99
34. PluralMorphs(allomorphs) 100
(regularinirregular)
35. TransitiveVS Intransitive 106
36. Pronounsas(attached) 109
37. Possessives 110
38. NounClustersinArabic 112
39. Thesolarletters(sounds) 115
40. TheSubjunctiveandtheJussive 117
41. RelativeClauses 123
42. Threeparticles
(in,inna,andanna) 137
43. ReportedSpeech(NounClauses) 138
44. TimeClauses 140
45. PurposeClauses 143
46. CauseandEffectConnectors 146
47. PurposeClauses 149
48. Verbs+(presentform) 152
49. ObligationandReleasingit 153
50. ConditionalClauses 155
IV
51. ContrastiveSentences 157
52. ash’aur(feel) 159
53. ASal(arrive) 160
54. Yuqadim(offer) 161
55. yuqeem(setup) 162
56. yad’a(invite) 163
57. yaati(come) 164
58. had-dad(threaten) 165
59. ihtam(showconcern) 166
60. ‘araf(know) 167
61. ta’ar-raf(gettoknow) 168
62. sal-lam(submit) 169
63. waz-za’a(distribute) 170
64. sharaH(explain) 171
65. Copulas,adjectives,nouns 172
66. maazaala(isstill) 173
67. araad(want) 174
68. shaker(thank) 175
69. intaha(befinished)min 176
70. aTlaqa(release,send) 178
71. akhbar(inform,tell) 179
72. sad-daqa(believe) 180
73. da’a(invite) 181
74. ta-akhar(belate) ‘an 182
75. ghay-yar(change) 183
76. shaa-rak(participate) 184
77. ha-Dhar(attend) 185
78. yal-taqi(meet) 186
79. ‘araDha(display) 187
80. Ha-mala(carry) 188
81. yuz-‘aij(bother)yu’ajib(appeal) 189
82. Avoidconcept 190
83. baqa(stay,keep) 191
84. qaTa’a(cut) 192
85. ra-ja’a(return) 193
86. saa-rin(whatiscommon) 194
87. Usee-u(mistreat) 195
88. Conceptofobeying 196
89. Conceptofsupport 197
90. Quantifiers&Determiners 198
91. The4or5masculinespecialnouns 200
92. AdjectivesandPlurality 201
93. The(re-do)concept 204
94. CommercialandAdjectives 205
95. HomophonesNounsandAdjectives 207
96. Thephonemic(t+femalegender) 208
97. Anelevated languagethrough 209
(PhrasalVerbs)
98. Conceptofpossibility 215
99. TheNotion“toget” 217
100.TheArabicDemonstratives 217
101.MappingNouns (Chart) 219
V
102.ConceptofNegation 220
103.Mapping(an)Cases 221
104.(thuu)=whichhas/have 222
105.Qadandlaqad(connector) 224
106.References 225
VI
1
SOMEBASICS
Arabic Alphabets
Englishequivalent name Letter
letter example phoneticsymbol final middle initial
Englishword
ا ﺎـ ا
a (bad) /a/ alif *
ب ـﺒـ ـﺑ
b (bad) /b/ baa
ت ـﺘـ ـﺗ
t (today) /t/ taa
ث ـﺜـ ـﺛ
th (both) / / thaa
ن ـﻨـ ـﻧ
n (noon) /n/ nuun
ي ــﯿـ ـﯾ
e (me) /i:/ yaa
y (you) /j/
ح ـﺤـ ـﺣ
H noequivalent /H/(hard) Haa
j (jam) /d / jiim ج ـﺠـ ـﺟ
kh noequivalent /x/ Khaa خ ـﺨـ ـﺧ
d (dam) /d/ daal د د ـ * د
th (this) / / thaal ذ ذ ـ * ذ
Thesign*indicatesthatthelettercannotbeattachedtotheletterthatfollows.
1
2
letter example phoneticsymbol name final middle initial
Englishword
ر ﺮـ ر
r (right) /r/ raa *
ز ﺰـ ز
z (zoo) /z/ zaa *
س ـﺴـ ـﺳ
s (soon) /s/ seen
ش ـﺸـ ـﺷ
sh (she) / / sheen
ص ـﺼـ ـﺻ
S noequivalent /S/hard saad
ض ـﻀـ ـﺿ
dh noequivalent /dh/ dhaa
ط ﻂـ ط
T noequivalent /T/hard Taa
ظ ﻆـ ظ
D noequivalent /D/ Daa
a’ noequivalent /9/ ‘ayn ع ـﻌـ ـﻋ
G noequivalent /G/ Gayn غ ـﻐـ ـﻏ
ء
? similartoEnglishglottal /?/hamza ء ـﺌـ
f (foot) /f/ fa ف ـﻔـ ـﻓ
q noequivalent /q/ qaf ق ـﻘـ ـﻗ
uu (moon) /u:/ wau ﻮـ ﻮـ * و
w (worry) /w/
m (moon) /m/ meem م ـﻤـ ـﻣ
L (look) /l/ lam ل ـﻠـ
k (king) /k/ kaaf ك ـﻜـ ـﻛ
ﮫـ ه
h (hat) /h/soft haa * ـﮭـ ـھ
Thesign*indicatesthatthelettercannotbeattachedtotheletterthatfollows.
2
3
Vowelsignsanddiphthongs
ArabicShortvowels
ShortArabicvowelsarebetweentwoconsonants.Theylookmoreshortwhenthetwoconsonantsarevoiceless.
Meaning Arabicword
short/a/ (pat) fatHaa hand (yad) ﺪَـﯾ َ___
short/i/ (bit) kasra cat (qiT) ﻂِـﻗ ◌ِ ---
short/u/ (book) Damma sister (?ukht) ﺖـﺧُأ ُ___
Arabiclongvowels
ThelongArabicletterisprecededbyashortvowelofitskind:fatHa/a/before(alif),dammabefore(wau), kasrabefore(Yaa)
tomakethelongvowels.
meaning Arabicword
longvowel /aa/ (bad) madda door (baab) بﺎـﺑ ا َ__
longvowel /u:/(moon) market (suuq) قﻮـﺳُ و ُ__
longvowel/i:/ (meat) minister (wazeer) ﺮـﯾزوَ ي ◌ِ --
Arabicdiphthongs
ThelongArabicletters و ، يareprecededbyashortvowelfatHa/a/tomake
theArabicdiphthongs. Whenlongletteralif(madda)isbeforelongletterي ,
thenewsoundisadiphthong/ai/:
meaning Arabicword
diphthong /aj/or /ei/(day) eye (9ajn) ﻦـﯿَـﻋ يَ__
diphthong /ai/ (by) tea (shai) يﺎﺷ يﺎـ
diphthong /au/(now) voice (Saut) تﻮَـﺻ وَ__
ThetwoArabicSemi-consonantandtheglottal/?/atthebeginningofwords
Whenthethreelongletters و ، ي ، أ(hamzated)arefollowedbyanyshortvowel,
theychangeintosemi-consonants/w/,/j/,andglottal /?/.
meaning Arabicword
semi-consonant/j/ (year) hand /jad/ (yad) ﺪـَـﯾ َ ي
semi-consonant/w/(way) rose /ward/ (ward) دروَ وَ
glottal(hamzated)/?/ father /?ab/ (aab) بَأ َأ
ِإ ،ُأ ، وِ ، وَ ، يِ ، يُ startwithaconsonant+shortvowel
Introduction
3
4
Arabiclanguageishighlygenerativefromthestem(root)thatconsistssimplyofthreeconsonantsin
betweenareshortvowelsthatarenotwrittenaslettersbutsmallmarksonorunderletters.
Wecansummarizetheprocessin4points.
1.Thecombinationofthe3consonantsareimportanttomakecertainmeaning.Iftheorderofthe3
consonantschanges,themeaningortthoughtaccordinglychangesinthemindofthenativespeakers.
ب س ح
س ب ح ب ح س ح ب س
calculate
Detain Pull/draw Swim
ب ك س
ك ب س س ب ك
ب س ك
Press/spike
Spill win/earn
Minecoins
م س ح ح م س ح س م
س م ح
toend it allow Clean/
havezeal up survey
2.Shaddaisgeminatingthatsplitsthe2ndrootconsonantsinto2andmakesatransitiveverbtoconvey
anewmeaning.
حَ / َ ب / ب سَ ◌ّ ب س
ح
Or amother,forexample,bathesherbaby Praise/
glorify
3.Anyotherletteraddedtotherootchangesthemeaning.Theselettersarenamed“mazeedat”i.e.,
addedletterstotheroot.Addingtheseletterstotherootwillcreatenewmorphscalled“Awzaan”i.e.,
measures.WehaveX(10)mainmeasures,andwewillpresentthoseindetailslaterasthemost
essentialpartof morphologyinArabic..
ا
4..Having(aa)longalif beforethelastconsonantchangetheverbintoanagent,ordoer.
ح ا ◌ّ ب س ح ا ◌ّ س م
ا ◌ّ ب ك swimmer surveyor
س
Presser/
ArabicVerbs
4