Aquinas: Moral, Political, and Legal Theory

407 Pages·1999·8.53 MB·English

by  John Finnis

FoundeorfsM odernP olitical
andS ociTahlo ught

AQUINAS
MoralP,o litiacnadlL ,e gaTlh eory
fohFni nnis
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
1998
OxforUdn iversPirteys Gsr,e aCtl arendSotnr eeOtx,f orodx 2 6DP
OxforNde w York
AthenAsu cklanBda ngkoBko gotBao mbayB uenoAsi res
CalcutCtaap eT own Dare sS alaaDme lhFil orenHcoen gK ongI stanbul
KarachKiu alLau mpurM adraMsa driMde lbourMneex icCoi ty
NairobPia riSsi ngapoTraei peTio kyoT orontWoa rsaw
anda ssociated comipna nies
BerliInb adan
Oxforidsa registetrreaddm ea rko fO xforUdn iversPirteys s
Publishientd h eU niteSdt ates
by OxforUdn iversPirteys Isn .c.N ew York
© fohnF inni1s9 98
The morarli ghotfst hea uthohra veb eena sserted
Firsptu blish1e9d9 8
Allr ighrtess ervNeod p.a rotf t hipsu blicatmiaoyn b er eproduced,
storeidna retriesvyaslt eomr,t ransmititnea dn,yf ormo rb ya nym eans,
withoutt hep riopre rmissiinowr ni tinogf O xforUdn iversPirteys s.
Withitnh eU K,e xceptiaorneas l loweind r espeocfta nyf aidre alifnogrt he
purposeof r esearocrph r ivastteu doyr,c riticoirsr me vieaw.s p ermitted
undetrh eC opyrigDhets,i gnasn dP atenAtcst 1,9 88o,r i nt hec asoef
reprograrpehpirco ducitniao cnc ordanwciet ht het ermosf t hel icences
issuebdy t heC opyrigLhitc ensAignegn cyE.n quircioensc erning
reproducotuitosni tdhee stee rmasn di no thecro untrsiheosu lbde
sentto t heR ightDse partmeOnxtf,o rUdn iversPirteys s,
att hea ddreasbso ve
Thibso oki ss olsdu bjetcott hec ondititohnai tt s halnlo tb,y w ay
oft radoer o therwisbee,l entr,e -sohlidr,e odu to ro therwiscei rculated
withoutth ep ublishperri'ocsro nseinnta nyf ormo fb indionrgc over
othetrh ant haitn w hichi ti sp ublishaenddwi thouta similcaorn dition
includtihnigc so nditiboeni nigm poseodn t hes ubsequepnutr chaser
BritiLsihb raCrayt aloguiinnP gu blicatDiaotna
Dataa vailable
LibraorfyC ongreCsast alogiinnP gu blicatDiaotna
Finnifso,h n.
Aquinas/fFionhnni s.
(Foundeorfms o dernp olitiacnadsl o citahlo ught)
Includbeisb liograprheifcearle nacnedis n dexes.
1.T homasA,q uinaSsa,i n1t2,2 51-1274-Contribiunpt ioolnist ical
scienc2e..T homasA,q uinaSsa,i n1t2,2 511274-Contribiunt ions
social scieIn.Tc ietsl.eI .I S.e ries.
/C121T.4 53F5159 98 320'.092-dc9271- 51411
ISBN0- -19-878084-2
ISBN0 --19-87808(5P--b0k .)
13579108462
Typesebty f &.LC ompositiLotndF ,i leNyo,r thY orkshire
PrintiendG reaBtr itaoinna cid-fpraepee bry
BiddiLetsd G.u ildfoarnddK ins(Lsv nn
M.C.
R.A. J-PA..
C.GC.. J.G.
M.F. E..R
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Preface
Theraers eo msee rifloauwsis n A quniast'h ohutgasb ohuutm an
scoiteyA. s oucnrdi toiftq hueecm a rne osntp resmsiheesh imself
undersatnodo idac rutlbaettertd,Ite hintkh,ah ni psh ilosophical
masetrPsl aatnodA ristoatnldme u,c hb etttehraM na chiavelli,
Hobebsa,n dt hoet hmeark eorrsh eiorfst he hEntleinngmte.
Thibso ok ndootoe,fsc ourusned,e rtthaceko em apirsonnese ded
toj sutitfyh ihsyp otheasbiosut htfe u dnamenstuaple rioofr ity
Aquniasw'o riknm oraslco,i aplo,l itaincldae lgt,ah ley o.Ir td oes
trtyoc lartihcfery i tfeosrrui caahc ompanr,ai nstdooi nidcahtoew
fahri tsh ouiglhltnu amtiaensdi ,nl armgeea rseus,a titshfieems.
Reanssof oarc tipoenr,s ocnoanls ciferenec cheo,i acneds elf­
deetrmniatihounm,a dni gnciotmy,m unity, famainldy , justice,
staltaew t-heasrepe er ahptsh mea imna tttehras(ot fr d iffering
reaswohniscI s hh alle xnoporl)tbe ecacmlee atroAe qru inas than
tot he fowuhnodp erresc ehdiemod rt howsheof olwleodI.nk epe­
inwgi tthh peu prosoefts h issei reIsf ,o counsA quaisnt'r eatment
oft heasnedo thmeart toefrp ser enncioanlrc nea,n dl eaivne
shadtohwbe oi gprhaiclailtr,ey pr,oa litoiroc tahlie,nr fl uceenosn
him, ortihgeoi rn aspl alroefhl isvs i eiwnse arloirce orn teamrpyo r
writaenrtdsh ,he i stoarfitcearlam naedtf hcf teosfh iwso rk.
Aquniaswo'r ikns o itd eoloaglilcp arilet;pss ou spitaindop nrse ­
missaerste r eabtyhe idm a so petnor aticoonnasli dearnadt ion
argeunm.Ot fc ourhsieps,r imvaorcya taisaos nc howlaasr b teao
theoloSgitilhalenb, .e lietvheatdth irse quisruoenddu ,n compro­
minsgilcyr itpihcisalpoloh yP.h ilosopwheyl ildsc o onpmel eted
ansdu plpemenbtyte hde oyl,wo hgicuhs ehsio srticgailvlieynn f or­
matinoonta v ailtaopb hliel os(ooptrho ty h oet hsecri enocfe s
nat)ua rsse ucBhu.ht e a lstoh ougahntsd,h owiend pratchtaitc e,
phisloophiincqayul,ai rrugmenrte,fl ecatnijdou nd,g emceagnnot
al onwga yw ithaonuryt e lioannt chee oylo orrg eligfiaoiIutnsh .
thbiso oIks hacloln creantotene lemeinnAt qsu isnw'ao rwkh ich
arei,n tsheantsp eu,r eplhlyio pshocialOn.l myy fi naclh apter
dicsussseosme el emeonfht itssh eooglya,n odft hcea sfeoa rc cept­
intgh emt hapesh ilosoipnhqiuciaarplyp 'rsot pecr oipmaletainodn
spupmleen.t
Readwehross ien teirser sets trtioec ttheid(ac rtsh nearr rowly
convceedci)o uflodl laso hwo rtt hpraottuhhg beho oSkce:t ion
II.I,
PRF.AFCF.
thfier sfto upra ragroafp hCsh aptme-rvsS, e ctixo.n3s-a 4n,d
11.2,
Sectxi.o.6nL egtahle orciosutlfsdo counsC hapteSre ctions
11,
v.r-v2r,. ra-n3dv, r .a5n,dC haptveur-sr Bxu.ts inpcoel itics
embraclaewsa nde xpanodnse thircesa,d ceornsc erwnietdh
sociaanldp olittihceaoslrh yo ufilnddn op arotft hbeo oikr rele­
vanatn;ys hortweanyetdsh rouigtmh u sbte t heoiwrn .
Mye xposiqtuiiootfnet geoneb se yownhda Atq uinsaasys st;a te­
mentisnt hibso oskh ounlodbt e a scritboAe qdu inuansl essisg ­
nifiaesdq uotatoir(o aonsfs t ientn h feo otncoltoepssae)r aph.r ases
Howevwehre,an s tateimsefn oto tnboytc eidt attoiA oqnu iniats ,
cabne a ssumteobd ec lotsoe wtohredo sfa tl eatshtfie r scti tation,
unletshsab te gi'nsse (ew'h etnh et extsuuaplp owritlb lel ess
closPeh)r.a ssuecsah s ' wmea yt hintkha .t'. w .ar tnh aIta m
substandteivaelllooypra i mnegn dAiqnugi nvaise'wT sh.o utghhe
booska ymso raeb oeutth itchsas nt udeonfst osc iaanldp olitical
thougmhatye xpeictti ,sf afrr ogmi vian cgo mpliedteeoa f
Aquinaacsc'o uonfmt o rality.
Ih avweo rkferdo tmh Lea ttienx itnst ,hl ea tcersitt eidciatli ons
wherteh eeyx iSsitn.tc hece r iteidciatlmi aodniesnr ecednetc ades
arsea dtloyeo x penasnivdue n wieflodwryi dues em,y c itations
ofteinn dictahtere e levpalnatic nef ormesrtlayn deadridt ions
(whotseexs th ounlodth ,o wevbeerr ,e luipeodn A)l.tl r anslations
armey o wnI;c ommeonnto nef eatouftr eh eimn n .a2tn .2 6
beloAwq.u inuassa'ig sev erflye xibolfeti,en nf oramnadal l,w ays
contextv-e.rS eowl haetnqi uotionrpg a raphrIah saivnoegf ten
giveinnc, u rblrya ck{ettmosi nimiitzael itchsLe}a ,tw ionr odr
phracsoer resptootn hdieim nmge diaptreelcyeE dnignlgwi osrhd (s)
orp hraosrei ,n dicaetlienmge inntt sh e citedw hpiacshs age
suppletmheeenl te mepnitcsk oeudti nm y paraapsh.eRr eaders
surprbiyst ehdio srt harte ndeorfit nhgeL atsihno uclodn sult
theo rigianbaolva,el tlh eo rigianruagmle nttiaoans,w elals
Aquinoatsh'ue sre osft her elevwaonrtod r p hrase-ltahsaet
tasmku chea sbeydB us(a91 9)2.
Fotrh pea stth iryteyao rrss om,y w orikn m oraplo,l itaincda l,
legtahle ohrayes m plopyreidn cwihpilcesshe emteodm et ob e
substantthioaeslmelp yl obyyeA dq uinianhs i msa iwnr itionng s
practriecaasnloa nt,ul lr aawp,r udtaein,an dj ustGircies(.1e 9z56 )
madcel etahrpe r eseanncdse e nosfet hopsrei nciinpA lqeusi nas.
My NaturLaawl andN aturRailgt hs( 19)8s 0eotu ta ne thical
theorroyo t(eatdsh per efacec lmeaiadnGre r) i sreez-'psr esentation
andd evelopomfec nlta ssaircgaulm eanntd(s sa wasi ndicated
viii
PREAFCE
elsewihnet rhbeeo oikn)m yu ndersntgoa fnA dqiuaisno nj ustice,
lawa,n odt hmeart teSrisn1.c9 e56 G rismeazj'wosrr i tihnagvnseo t
claimteobd e i nterpreotfaA tqiuoinnwsah so,s ew orhke h as
regaradste hdpe o ionfdt e parftouarrf er ee-stpahnoidslionpghl i ca
treatmoefen tth itchaelo rhya.vc eo llaboerxatteendsw iivtehl y
I
Grisientz h ifsr ee-stwaonrd(kis neegse p ecFiianlnleiytas l1 .9 87;
Griseetz 1 a9l8).w7, h iallesp ou rsumiyno gw ni nvestigations into
Aqui.nW arsititnhgib so orke quiorfme eda widearn dd eeper
acquainwtiatnAhcq eu inwaosr'k Tsh.a hta sc onfirmmeydp re­
viouunsd erstaonftd hifeno gu ndatpiroinnacli( palnAedqs u inas'
subscritpott hieomna) n,dl emde t ot hinokn e-soirdw erdo ng
somec ommobne liaebfosuh ti ss ociaanldp olittihcoaulg ht
(inclusdoimnIeh g e ld)-lneoatas bto uhti tsh ougohnrt i ghts,
thset rucotfuj rues ttihcsee t,a taeu'tsh orsietxay n,dm arriage,
slavaenrdty y,r annbiucatil dsoeon,u ltimhautmeaf nu lfilment.
Eardlrya offtv si rtuaalcllhl ayp tweerrrsee abdyK evFilna nnery
SJ( whcoh eckoeuadtn cdo mmenotneh du ndroefcd ist atainodn s
texatnsdG) e rmaGirni stehzee;ya cihm protvhewedo rgkr eatly.
I
ami ndebatlestdooG eraVr.Bd r adMlaeryi,Ce .F innPiast,r Liecek,
anJdo sePpihl sCnSe,Bwr h oh elpfruelvliyep waerdit nes a rdlrya ft.
fa naur1y9 98
ix