Aquatic toxicology : molecular, biochemical, and cellular perspectives

554 Pages·1994·32.44 MB·English

by  Malins

AQ!JATIC
TOXICOLOGY
MOLECULAR BIOCHEMICAL,
AND CELLULAR PERSPECTIVES
EDITED BY
DONALD C. MALINS
GARY K OSTRANDER
Boca Raton London New York
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Aquatic toxicology : molecular, biochemical, and cellular perspectives
/ edited by Donald C. Malins, Gary K. Ostrander.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index.
ISBN 0-87371-545-4 (acid-free paper)
1. Aquatic organisms—Effect of water pollution on. 2. Fishes—Effect of
water pollution on. 3. Molecular toxicology.
I. Malins, Donald C. II. Ostrander, Gary Kent.
QH90.8.T68A67 1993
574.2’8—dc20 93-6117
A Library of Congress record exists under LC control number: 93006117
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in the original copies may be apparent.
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The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and welcomes correspondence from those they
have been unable to contact.
ISBN 13: 978-1-315-89077-7 (hbk)
ISBN 13: 978-1-351-06987-8 (ebk)
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the
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To my wife, Mary, with thanks for always heing there.
D.C.M.
To my wife, Debbie. Your constant encouragement and support is appreciated.
G.K.O.

INTRODUCTION
Studies ofthe effects ofchemicals on the cellular and subcellular systems of
aquatic organisms seemed to have lagged behind in quantity, and sometimes in
quality,thoseofterrestrialanimals(e.g.,mammals).Fortunately,therehavebeen
welcomechanges in thesecircumstances in the lastdecadeorso. The traditional
focus on rats, mice, and other laboratory mammals in molecular biology, bio-
chemistry, and toxicology has shifted significantly toward an interest in how a
broad variety ofcellularand subcellularaquatic systems respond to insults from
environmental contaminants.
There are undoubtedly many reasons for this shift in emphasis. Among them
is the recognition that an understanding ofchronic effects on aquatic biota can
only be attainedifwecanincreaseourknowledge ofstresses on theirmolecular
cellular, and subcellularsystems.
Scientists are also becoming increasingly aware that aquatic systems offer
many outstanding opportunities to broaden our perspectives of biological pro-
cesses, many of which are unique and reflect special adaptations to life in the
aquaticenvironment.Moreover,thoseresponsibleformanagingthreatenedaquatic
environmentshavelongsufferedfromapaucityofinformationonchroniceffects
and would welcome increasedknowledgeofthe processes and mechanisms that
govern such effects.
In editing this book, we recognized that very exciting work with aquatic
vertebrates and invertebrates is being undertaken at the cellular and subcellular
level. Thus, we want to provide aforum for those investigators who, becauseof
theirwell-recognizedexpertiseandaccomplishments,wouldbeabletoconveyan
understanding ofthe latest developments in aquatic toxicology at the molecular
and cellular level oforganization.
This bookis not intendedtobecomprehensive. Practicalconsiderations relat-
ing to bringing virtually all the excellent research being conducted into one
volume would have been an almostimpossibletask. We wish to make the point,
however, thatourcontributorsareamong the very bestin theirrespectivefields,
and their scientific interests are pivotal to understanding toxic chemical stresses
on a variety of important aquatic systems and in charting the course of future
research.
Ourcontributors weregiven considerable latitude. We asked them to prepare
athoughtfulessay,includingacogentevaluationoftherelevantliteratureandnot
just a recapitulation of what has been published. Furthermore, we encouraged
them to provide to the extent possible a sense of how their particular area of
interest interfaces with mammalian toxicology, to suggest practical applications
ofthe work to environmental problems, to delineate research priorities, and to
provide a sense for future research directions.
We hope that we have succeeded in providing the researcher, student, envi-
ronmental manager, and others with valuable insight into a variety ofexciting
provocative events occurring in aquatic toxicology - events that form an
essential basis for protecting precious and endangered aquatic environments
from the long-term effects ofpollution.
Donald C. Matins
Gary K. Ostrander
January 1994
THE EDITORS
Donald C. Malins, Ph.D., D.Se., is Director of the
Molecular Epidemiology Program at the Pacific North-
west Research Foundation. He is also Editor-in-Chiefof
the internationaljournalAquatic Toxicology. Previously,
he directed a multidisciplinary environmental research
group for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admin-
istration, U.S. Department of Commerce in Seattle. His
present research interests relate to the etiology ofcancer
and its prediction at the molecularlevel usinghumanand
aquatic model systems. Among his honors are the D.Sc.
from his alma mater, the University of Aberdeen, Scotland, for biochemical
research of high distinction and the U.S. Department of Commerce's Gold
Medalforoutstandingcontributionstounderstandingtheeffectsoftoxicchemi-
cals on marine ecosystems.
Gary K. Ostrander, Ph.D., is an Associate Professor in
the Department ofZoology at Oklahoma State University in
Stillwater. He is presently a member of the Environmental
Toxicology Program at the university and serves as an editor
ofAquatic Toxicology. Dr. Ostrander received his Ph.D.
degree from the University ofWashington. He was an NIH
postdoctoralfellow intheDepartmentofPathology,Schoolof
Medicine,UniversityofWashingtonandalsoservedasaStaff
Scientist at the Pacific Northwest Research Foundation in
Seattle. His current research interests include comparative
studiesofmammalianandaquaticanimalmodelstoincludethefunction oftumor
suppressor genes and carbohydrate antigens during chemical carcinogenesis.
CONTRIBUTORS
Robert S. Anderson, Ph.D. James M. McKim, Ph.D.
The University ofMaryland System U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency
Centerfor Environmental and Environmental Research Laboratory
Estuarine Studies Duluth, MN
Chesapeake Biological Laboratory
Solomons, MD Michael J. Moore, Vet. M.B., Ph.D
Biology Department
Stephen G. George, Ph.D. WoodsHoleOceanographicInstitution
NERC Unit ofAquatic Biochemistry Woods Hole, MA
University ofStirling
Stirling, Scotland Mark S. Myers, M.A.
Environmental Conservation Division
Mark E. Hahn, Ph.D. Northwest Fisheries Science Center
BiologyDepartment National MarineFisheries Service
WoodsHoleOceanographicInstitution National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Woods Hole, MA Administration
Seattle, WA
David E. Hinton, Ph.D.
DepartmentofMedicine John W. Nichols, Ph.D.
School ofVeterinary Medicine U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency
University ofCalifornia Environmental Research Laboratory
Davis, CA Duluth, MN
Margaret O. James, Ph.D.,D.Sc. Gary K. Ostrander, Ph.D.
Department ofMedicinal Chemistry Environmental Toxicology Program
University ofFlorida DepartmentofZoology
Gainesville, FL Oklahoma State University
Stillwater, OK
Kevin M. Kleinow, D.V.M., Ph.D.
Department ofVeterinary Physiology, W. E. Robinson, Ph.D.
Pharmacology and Toxicology University ofMassachusetts -
School ofVeterinary Medicine Boston, HarborCampus
Louisiana State University Environmental Sciences Program
Baton Rouge, LA Boston, MA
AlexanderE. Maccubbin, Ph.D G. Roesijadi, Ph.D.
Department ofExperimental The University ofMaryland System
Therapeutics Centerfor Environmental and
GraceCancerDrug Center Estuarine Studies
Roswell Park CancerInstitute Chesapeake Biological Laboratory
Buffalo, NY Solomons, MD
Richard E. Spieler, Ph.D. Rebecca J. Van Beneden, Ph.D.
Oceanographic Center DepartmentofZoology
Nova University University ofMaine
Dania, FL Orono, ME
John J. Stegeman, Ph.D. Daniel N. Weber,Ph.D.
Biology Department Marine and Freshwater Biomedical
Woods Hole Oceanographic Core Center
Institution UniversityofWisconsin- Milwaukee
Woods Hole, MA Milwaukee, WI