Aquatic Ecosystems: Trends and Global Prospects PDF
Preview Aquatic Ecosystems: Trends and Global Prospects
Aquatic Ecosystems Concern about future supplies of fresh water to society, to meet the full range of human needs, now comes very high on the prioritylistofglobalsocietalissues.Anoverarchingissuethatthe book tries to address is whether global climate change is a dominant driver of change in the structure and function of natural aquatic ecosystems, or whether direct human population growth and accelerated consumption are playing an equal or greater role. This book divides the aquatic realm into 21 eco- systems,fromthoseonland(bothsalineandfreshwater)tothose of the open and deep oceans. It draws on the understanding of leadingecologiststosummarizethestateandlikelyconditionby the year 2025 of each of the ecosystems. Written for academic researchersandprofessionals,theaimistoputtheclimatechange debateintoabroadercontextasabasisforconservationscience. NICHOLAS V.C. POLUNIN is Professor of Marine Environ- mentalScienceattheSchoolofMarineScienceandTechnology inNewcastle.HeisalsoPresidentoftheFoundationforEnviron- mentalConservation. Aquatic Ecosystems Trends and Global Prospects Edited by Nicholas V.C. Polunin Foundation for Environmental Conservation and Newcastle University, UK CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown,Singapore,Sa˜oPaulo,Delhi CambridgeUniversityPress TheEdinburghBuilding,CambridgeCB28RU,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521833271 ªFoundationforEnvironmentalConservation2008 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithout thewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2008 PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationdata Aquaticecosystems:trendsandglobalprospects/editedbyNicholasV.C.Polunin. p. cm. “FoundationforEnvironmentalConservation.” Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-521-83327-1(hardback) 1. Aquaticecology. I. Polunin,Nicholas. II. FoundationforEnvironmentalConservation. III. Title. QH541.5.W3A6792008 577.6—dc22 2008012213 ISBN978-0-521-83327-1hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor accuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredto inthispublication,anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuch websitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. Contents List of contributors page vii 6 Environmental trends and potential future Preface xv states of large freshwater lakes 81 Acknowledgements xvi ALFRED M. BEETON, ROBERT E. HECKY AND KENTON M. STEWART 1 INTRODUCTION: Climate,people, fisheries 7 Salt lakes: values, threats and future 94 and aquatic ecosystems 1 ROBERT JELLISON, WILLIAM D. WILLIAMS†, ROBERT ENGELMAN, DANIEL PAULY, BRIAN TIMMS, JAVIER ALCOCER AND DIRK ZELLER, RONALD G. PRINN, NIKOLAY V. ALADIN JOHN K. PINNEGAR AND NICHOLAS V.C. POLUNIN PARTIII FRESHWATER WETLANDS 8 The future of cool temperate peatlands 113 PARTI FLOWINGWATERS NILS MALMER, PETER D. MOORE AND 2 Prospects for streams and rivers: MICHAEL C. F. PROCTOR an ecological perspective 19 9 Temperate freshwater wetlands: response BJO¨RN MALMQVIST, SIMON D. RUNDLE, togradients inmoisture regime, ALAN P. COVICH, ALAN G. HILDREW, human alterations and economic status 127 CHRISTOPHER T. ROBINSON AND COLIN R. TOWNSEND MARK M. BRINSON, BARBARA E. BEDFORD, BETH MIDDLETON AND 3 Groundwater ecosystems: humanimpacts JOS T. A. VERHOEVEN and future management 30 10 Present state andfuture oftropical JANINE GIBERT, DAVID C. CULVER, wetlands 141 DAN L. DANIELOPOL, CHRISTIAN GRIEBLER, AMARA GUNATILAKA, JOS NOTENBOOM BRIJ GOPAL, WOLFGANG J. JUNK, C. MAX FINLAYSON AND AND BORIS SKET CHARLES M. BREEN 4 Flood plains: criticallythreatened ecosystems 45 PARTIV COASTAL WETLANDS KLEMENT TOCKNER, STUART E. BUNN, 11 Saltmarsh 157 CHRISTOPHER GORDON, PAUL ADAM, MARK D. BERTNESS, ROBERT J. NAIMAN, GERRY P. QUINN ANTHONY J. DAVY AND JOY B. ZEDLER AND JACK A. STANFORD 12 Future of mangrove ecosystems to 2025 172 PARTII STILLWATERS RICHARD S. DODD AND JIN E. ONG 5 The future of small lakes and ponds 65 13 Environmental future of estuaries 188 BRIAN MOSS, CHRISTER BRO¨NMARK, MICHAEL J. KENNISH, GLEN GEORGE, LARS-ANDERS HANSSON ROBERT J. LIVINGSTON, AND ERIK JEPPESEN DAVE RAFFAELLI AND KARSTEN REISE v vi Contents PARTV ROCKYSHORES 19 Continental-shelf benthic ecosystems: prospects for animproved 14 Rocky intertidal shores: prognosis environmental future 295 for the future 209 STEPHEN J. HALL, STUART I. ROGERS GEORGE M. BRANCH, RICHARD C. THOMPSON, AND SIMON F. THRUSH TASMAN P. CROWE, JUAN CARLOS CASTILLA, OLIVIA LANGMEAD AND PARTVII VAST MARINE SYSTEMS STEPHEN J. HAWKINS 20 Themarine pelagic ecosystem: perspectives 15 Current statusand future trends inkelp on humanity’s role in the future 311 forest ecosystems 226 PETER G. VERITY, JOHN H. STEELE, ROBERT S. STENECK, T. FREDE THINGSTAD RODRIGO H. BUSTAMANTE, AND FEREIDOUN RASSOULZADEGAN PAUL K. DAYTON, 21 Polar and ice-edge marine systems 319 GEOFFREY P. JONES AND ANDREW CLARKE, ANDREW S. BRIERLEY, ALISTAIR J. HOBDAY COLIN M. HARRIS, DAN LUBIN AND 16 Projecting thecurrent trajectory RAYMOND C. SMITH for coral reefs 242 22 Thenear future ofthe deep-seafloor TIM R. MCCLANAHAN, ecosystems 334 ROBERT W. BUDDEMEIER, CRAIG R. SMITH, LISA A. LEVIN, OVE HOEGH-GULDBERG ANTHONY KOSLOW, AND PAUL SAMMARCO PAUL A. TYLER AND ADRIAN G. GLOVER PARTVI SOFT SHORES PARTVIII SYNTHESIS 17 Sandy shores of the near future 263 23 Trends and globalprospects ofthe Earth’s ALEXANDER C. BROWN†, aquatic ecosystems 353 KARL F. NORDSTROM, NICHOLAS V. C. POLUNIN, BRIJ GOPAL, ANTON MCLACHLAN, NICHOLAS A. J. GRAHAM, STEPHEN J. HALL, NANCY L. JACKSON VENUGOPALAN ITTEKKOT AND ANNETTE AND DOUGLAS J. SHERMAN MU¨HLIG-HOFMANN 18 Seagrass ecosystems: their global status and prospects 281 References 366 CARLOS M. DUARTE, JENS BORUM, Index 473 FREDERICK T. SHORT AND DIANA I. WALKER Contributors PAUL ADAM Freshwater Biological Laboratory School ofBiological, Earth and Environmental Sciences University ofCopenhagen University ofNewSouth Wales 51 Helsingørsgade Sydney, NSW 2052 3400 Hillerød Australia Denmark NIKOLAY V. ALADIN GEORGE M. BRANCH Zoological Institute ofthe Russian Academy ofSciences Department ofZoology Laboratory ofBrackish WaterHydrobiology University ofCapeTown, Private Bag X3 St Petersburg Rondebosch 7701 190034Russia CapeTown SouthAfrica JAVIER ALCOCER Tropical Limnology Research Project(PILT) CHARLES M. BREEN UIICSE,FES Iztacala Center for Environment andDevelopment Department ofBiology Institute ofNatural Resources Universidad National Auto´noma de Me´xico (UNAM) University ofNatal,Private Bag X01 54090Mexico Scotsville 3209 BARBARA E. BEDFORD Pietermaritzburg Department ofNatural Resources SouthAfrica 121 Fernow Hall ANDREW S. BRIERLEY Cornell University GattyMarineLaboratory Ithaca, NY14853 University ofSt Andrews USA Fife,KY168LB ALFRED M. BEETON UK Scientist Emeritus NOAA GreatLakes Enviromental Research MARK M. BRINSON BiologyDepartment Laboratory (GLERL) EastCarolina University 2205 Commonwealth Blvd., Greenville,NC 27858 AnnArbor, MI48105 USA USA MARK D. BERTNESS CHRISTER BRO¨NMARK Department ofEcology and Evolutionary Biology Department ofLimnology Brown University University ofLund Providence, RI 02912 221 00 Lund USA Sweden JENS BORUM ALEXANDER C. BROWN Department ofBiology †(1931–2005), SouthAfrican marinebiologist vii viii List of contributors whoauthored 200 scientific publications including Belfield,Dublin 4 several books, was adevoted teacher, Ireland head oftheZoology Department atthe University DAVID C. CULVER ofCape Town,Director of theCentre for Department ofBiology MarineStudies andPresident ofthe Royal HurstHall 110A Society ofSouth Africa AmericanUniversity ROBERT W. BUDDEMEIER 4400 Massachusetts Avenue Kansas Geological Survey Washington, DC20016 University ofKansas USA 1930 Constant Avenue DAN L. DANIELOPOL Lawrence, KS 66045 Institute ofLimnology USA AustrianAcademy ofSciences STUART E. BUNN Mondseestrasse 9 Australian Rivers Institute 5310 Mondsee Centre for Riverine Landscapes Austria Griffith University ANTHONY J. DAVY Brisbane, QLD4222 Centre for Ecology,Evolution and Conservation Australia (CEEC) RODRIGO H. BUSTAMANTE School ofBiological Sciences CSIROMarine and AtmosphericResearch Universityof EastAnglia PO Box120 Norwich,NR4 7TJ Cleveland, QLD4163 UK Australia PAUL K. DAYTON Scripps Institution of Oceanography JUAN CARLOS CASTILLA Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Ecolog´ıa& Universityof California–San Diego Biodiversidad 9500 Gilman Drive Facultad de Ciencias Biolo´gicas LaJolla,CA92093 Pontificia Universidad Cato´lica de Chile USA Alameda340, C.P.6513677 RICHARD S. DODD Casilla114-D, Santiago Department ofEnvironmental Science Policy and Chile Management ANDREW CLARKE College ofNaturalResources British Antarctic Survey 321 Mulford Hall National Environment Research Council Universityof California–Berkeley High Cross, Madingley Road Berkeley,CA94720 Cambridge, CB3 0ET USA UK CARLOS M. DUARTE ALAN P. COVICH InstitutoMediterra´neodeEstudiosAvanzados(IMEDEA) Institute of Ecology NaturalResources Department University ofGeorgia MiquelMarque´s21 Athens, GA30602 07190Esporles (Mallorca) USA Spain TASMAN P. CROWE ROBERT ENGELMAN Department ofZoology Worldwatch Institute, VicePresident ofPrograms University College Dublin 1776 Massachusetts Ave NW
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