Aquatic and Wetland Plants of Northeastern North America, Volume I: A Revised and Enlarged Edition of Norman C. Fassett's A Manual of Aquatic Plants, Aquatic and Wetland Plants of Northeastern North America, Volume 1

537 Pages·2000·21.73 MB·English

by  Garrett E. Crow

Aquatic
and Wetland Plants
of Northeastern
North America
1
Pteridophytes
Gymnosperms, and
Angiosperms: Dicotyledons

Garrett E. Crow and C. Barre Hellquist
Aquatic and Wetland Plants
of Northeastern North AIllerica
A revised and enlarged Volume 1
edition of Norman C. Fassett's Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms,
A Manual of Aquatic Plants and Angiosperms: Dicotyledons
The University
of Wisconsin Press
Figures 60,63, 75, 112, 118, 136, 147, 193,216,259,261,297, The University of Wisconsin Press
316,317,318,319,324,330,419,421, 585, and 586 are reprinted 2537 Daniels Street
in part or in whole, with permission, from The New Britton and Brown Madison, Wisconsin 53718
Illustrated Flora of the Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada, by
Henry A. Gleason. Copyright © 1952 by The New York Botanical 3 Henrietta Street
Garden. London WC2E 8LU, England
Figures 32,34,35,151,153,168,269,414,415,416,418,421, Copyright © 2000
422,423,429,431,433,437,443,444,445,493,506,514,518, The Board of Regents
519, 525, 529, 600, and 601 are reprinted in part or in whole from of the University of Wisconsin System
Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest, by C. L. Hitchcock, A. Cronquist, All rights reserved
M. Ownbey, and J. W. Thompson, by permission of the University of
Washington Press. Copyright © 1955-1969 by the University of 5 4 3 2
Washington Press.
Printed in the
Figures 139, 149, 151, 193, and 196 are reprinted in part or in United States of America
whole from The Woody Plants of Ohio: Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Climbers,
Native, Naturalized, and Escaped (or, are reprinted from The
Monocotyledoneae: Cat-tails to Orchids. The Vascular Flora of Ohio, Vol. 1) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
by E. Lucy Braun, by permission of the Ohio State University Press.
Copyright © 1961 by the Ohio State University Press. Crow, Garrett E.
Aquatic and wetland plants of northeastern North America: a
Figures 354, 451,519,530,586, and 591, are reprinted in part or in revised and enlarged edition of Norman C. Fassett's A manual of
whole from The Monocotyledoneae: Cat-tails to Orchids. The Vascular Flora aquatic plants / Garrett E. Crow and C. Barre Hellquist.
of Ohio, Vol. 1) by E. Lucy Braun, by permission of the Ohio State 536 pp. cm.
University Press. Copyright © 1967 by the Ohio State University Press. Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
Contents: v. l. Pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms:
Figures 28,29,31,74,96,144,152,223,231,234,242,252,254, dicots-v. 2. Angiosperms: monocots.
262,264,266,273,322,328,343,368,381,389,391,393,395, ISBN 0-299-16330-X (v. 1: cloth: alk. paper).
435,452,461,463,466,467,489,490,507,508,509,511,518, ISBN 0-299-16280-X (v. 2: cloth: alk. paper)
522,523,524,528,576,577,578,580, and 603 are reprinted in 1. Aquatic plants-Northeastern States Identification.
part or in whole from A Flora of the Marshes of California by Herbert L. 2. Wetland plants-Northeastern States Identification. 3. Aquatic
Mason, by permission of the University of California Press. Copyright plants-Atlantic Provinces Identification. 4. Wetland plants
© 1957 Regents University of California: 1985 Herbert Mason. Atlantic Provinces Identification. 1. Hellquist, C. B. II. Fassett,
Norman C. (Norman Carter), 1900-1954. Manual of aquatic
flgures8, 19,20,21,22,23,24,25, 26,2~29,42,44,48,49, 5Q plants. III. Title.
53,54,55,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,74,81,83,84,85, QK117.C84 2000
87,89,90,92,93,94,140,259,263,479,547,595, and 604 are 581.7'6'0974-dc21 99-19556
reprinted from bulletins published by the New York State Museum.
Figures 56, 68, 75, 77,80, 83, 97, 98, 103, 104, 108, 124, 128,
129,165,166,170,171, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181,
183,184,198,201,204,213,224,225,238,245,246,247,248,
249,250,253,255,270,274,275,276,278,280,281,283,286,
287,288,289,338,342,360,362,382,388,396,403,404,407,
408,409,410,412,415,416,417,420,422,424,426,427,428,
430,433,441,443,446,449,453,454,455,456,458,464,470,
471,472,473,474,475,476,477,478,479,480,481,482,488,
491,492,494,495,496,497,498,499,500,501,502,503,505,
508,509,510,511,512,516,517,520,521,525,527,532,533,
534, 535, 536, 552, 553, 554, 561, 568, 585, 590, 592, 594, 595,
597, 598, and 605 are reprinted in part or in whole from Aquatic and
Wetland Plants of the Southeastern United States by Robert K. Godfrey
and Jean w. Wooten, by permission of the University of Georgia Press.
Copyright © 1979, 1981 by the University of Georgia Press.
Contents
Preface vii Myricaceae 72
Acknowledgments ix Betulaceae 72
Introduction xi Subclass Caryophyllidae 79
Map of geographical area xiii Chenopodiaceae 79
Nuisance Aquatic Plants of the Northeast xv Amaranthaceae 82
General Keys xix Polygonaceae 85
Plumbaginaceae 101
Pteridophytes 3 Subclass Dilleniidae 107
Osmundaceae 3 Elatinaceae 107
Schizaeaceae 3 Clusiaceae (Guttiferae) 110
Thelypteridaceae 3 Malvaceae I 18
Dryopteridaceae 3 Sarraceniaceae 120
Blechnaceae 8 Droseraceae 120
Marsileaceae 8 Violaceae 125
Salviniaceae 14 Tamaricaceae 129
Equisetaceae 17 Salicaceae 129
Lycopodiaceae 23 Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) 143
Isoetaceae 25 Clethraceae 153
Empetraceae 153
Gymnosperms 28 Ericaceae 158
Pinaceae 28 Primulaceae 168
Cupressaceae 28 Subclass Rosidae 177
Taxodiaceae 34 Crassulaceae 177
Saxifragaceae 177
Angiosperms 35 Rosaceae 179
Dicotyledons 35 Fabaceae 191
Subclass Magnoliidae 35 Podostemaceae 191
Magnoliaceae 35 Haloragaceae 194
Lauraceae 35 Lythraceae 203
Saururaceae 35 Trapaceae 206
Cabombaceae 38 Onagraceae 2 I 0
Nymphaeaceae 38 Melastomataceae 2 I 4
Nelumbonaceae 44 Nyssaceae 230
Ceratophyllaceae 50 Cornaceae 237
Ranunculaceae 50 Aquifoliaceae 237
Subclass Hamamelidae 68 Rhamnaceae 243
Ulmaceae 68 Aceraceae 243
Urticaceae 68 Anacardiaceae 245
v
vi Contents
Balsaminaceae 245 Plantaginaceae 323
Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) 245 Oleaceae 323
Subclass Asteridae 267 Scrophulariaceae 327
Loganiaceae 267 Acanthaceae 345
Gentianaceae 267 Lentibulariaceae 352
Asclepiadaceae 274 Campanulaceae 365
Solanaceae 276 Rubiaceae 370
Menyanthaceae 276 Caprifoliaceae 372
Polemoniaceae 285 Valerianaceae 375
Hydrophyllaceae 285 Asteraceae (Compositae) 375
Boraginaceae 285 Abbreviations 429
Verbenaceae 290 Glossary of Plant Terms 431
Lamiaceae (Labiatae) 294 Glossary of Habitat Terms 441
Callitrichaceae 3 I 5 References 443
Hippuridaceae 3 15 Index 453
Preface
The first edition of Fassett's Manual of Aquatic Plants ap Newfoundland. The coverage of Virginia in the first edi
peared in 1940 and quickly became a classic in its field. tion was necessarily incomplete, and that gap has been
Its success was, in large part, due to Dr. Fassett's aim to closed in this treatment. Fassett's treatment of 752 taxa
provide a manual which would make possible the identi (plus 95 named forms) has been greatly expanded in this
fication of an aquatic plant in sterile as well as reproduc edition to include 1186 taxa.
tive conditions. He made an all-out effort to construct his Dr. Fassett's decision to exclude bog species in the first
keys as simply as possible, coupled with flowering or fruit edition left many aquatic biologists and students in
ing characters where essential for proper identification. northern regions without a comparable guide to the iden
He copiously cross-referenced characters in his keys to la tification of species occupying those wet. boggy habitats.
beled illustrations to facilitate the identification process Thus, we have included those species which typically
further. grow in saturated peat. Likewise, we have attempted to
Shortly before his death in 1954, Dr. Fassett invited Dr. meet the needs of aquatic biologists along the Atlantic
Eugene Ogden to prepare a revised edition. This effort, coast by including species of salt marshes and tidal wa
which appeared in 1957, resulted in a 22-page appendix ters, a study of which began Dr. Fassett's career as a be
aimed at bringing the nomenclature of the original text ginning student in Professor Fernald's Botany 7 class at
up to date. It also provided a much improved supplemen Harvard University and later became the focal point of
tary key to the genus Potamogeton. Both Drs. Fassett and his doctoral dissertation.
Ogden readily acknowledged that the addition of an ap In the original edition Dr. Fassett also included a few of
pendix, though extremely useful, fell far short of the need the morc common examples of various groups of algae
for a complete revision. and some common mosses and liverworts. There are ex
This new edition provides the badly needed updating, cellent references now available for the identification of
yet attempts to retain the features which made Fassett's these groups of plants. We feel that to give adequate at
work a classic. The region covered by the first edition, tention even to just the aquatic bryophytes would be be
Minnesota to Missouri, eastward to the Gulf of St. Law yond the scope of our work.
rence and Virginia, has been extended slightly to include
vii

Permission graciously provided by the New York State
Museum is acknowledged for use of illustrations pub-
lished in several of their bulletins (NYSMuseum); Rich-
ard S. Mitchell and E.O.Beal (1979), Magnoliaceae through
Ceratophyllaceae of New York State; Richard S. Mitchell
and J. Kenneth Dean (1978), Polygonaceae (Buckwheat
Family) of New York State;Richard S. Mitchell and J. Ken-
neth Dean (1982), Ranunculaceae (Crowfoot Family) of
New York State;Richard S. Mitchell and Charles J. Sheviak
(1982), Rare Plants of New York State; Eugene C. Ogden
(1981), Field Guide to Northeastern Ferns; and Charles J.
Sheviak (1982), Biosystematic Study of the Spiranthes
cernua Complex.