Aquatic and Wetland Plants of Northeastern North America: Angiosperms: Monocotyledons (Volume 2)

457 Pages·2000·17.28 MB·English

by  Garrett E. Crow

Aquatic
and Wetland Plants
of Northeastern
North America
2
Angiosperms: Monocotyledons

Garrett E. Crow and C. Barre Hellquist
Aquatic and Wetland Plants
of Northeastern North AIllerica
A revised and enlarged Volume 2
edition of Norman C. Fassett's Angiosperms: Monocotyledons
A Manual of Aquatic Plants
The University
of Wisconsin Press
Figures 60. 63.75.112. 118. 136. 147. 193.216.259.261. 297. The University of Wisconsin Press
316.317.318.319.324.330.419.421.585. and 586 are reprinted 2537 Daniels Street
in part or in whole. with permission. from The New Britton and Brown Madison. Wisconsin 53718
Illustrated Flora oj the Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. by
Henry A. Gleason. Copyright © 1952 by The New York Botanical 3 Henrietta Street
Garden. London WC2E 8LU. England
Figures 32. 34. 35. 151. 153.168. 269.414.415.416.418.421. Copyright © 2000
422.423.429.431.433.437.443.444.445.493.506.514.518. The Board of Regents
519.525.529.600. and 601 are reprinted in part or in whole from of the University of Wisconsin System
Vascular Plants oj the Pacific Northwest. by C. L. Hitchcock. A. Cronquist. All rights reserved
M. Ownbey. and J. W. Thompson. by permission of the University of
Washington Press. Copyright © 1955-1969 by the University of 543 2
Washington Press.
Printed in the
Figures 139.149.151.193. and 196 are reprinted in part or in United States of America
whole from The Woody Plants oJ Ohio: Trees. Shrubs. and Woody Climbers.
Native. Naturalized. and Escaped (or. are reprinted from The
Monocotyledoneae: Cat-tails to Orchids. The Vascular Flora oj Ohio. Vol. 1) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
by E. Lucy Braun. by permission of the Ohio State University Press.
Copyright © 1961 by the Ohio State University Press. Crow. Garrett E.
Aquatic and wetland plants of northeastern North America: a
Figures 354. 451. 519. 530. 586. and 591. are reprinted in part or in revised and enlarged edition of Norman C. Fassett's A manual of
whole from The Monocotyledoneae: Cat-tails to Orchids. The Vascular Flora aquatic plants / Garrett E. Crow and C. Barre Hellquist.
oJ Ohio. Vol. 1) by E. Lucy Braun. by permission of the Ohio State 456 pp. cm.
University Press. Copyright © 1967 by the Ohio State University Press. Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
Contents: v. 1. Pteridophytes. gymnosperms. and angiosperms:
Figures 28.29.31. 74. 96. 144. 152. 223. 231. 234. 242. 252. 254. dicots-v. 2. Angiosperms: monocots.
262.264.266.273.322.328.343.368.381.389.391.393.395. ISBN 0-299-16330-X (v. 1: cloth: alk. paper).
435.452.461.463.466.467.489.490.507.508.509.511.518. ISBN 0-299-16280-X (v. 2: cloth: alk. paper)
522.523.524.528.576.577.578.580. and 603 are reprinted in 1. Aquatic plants-Northeastern States Identification.
part or in whole from A Flora oj the Marshes oj CaliJornia by Herbert L. 2. Wetland plants-Northeastern States Identification. 3. Aquatic
Mason. by permission of the University of California Press. Copyright plants-Atlantic Provinces Identification. 4. Wetland plants
© 1957 Regents University of California; 1985 Herbert Mason. Atlantic Provinces Identification. I. Hellquist. C. B. II. Fassett.
Norman C. (Norman Carter). 1900-1954. Manual of aquatic
Figures 8.19.20.21.22.23.24.25.26.27.29.42.44.48.49. SO. plants. III. Title.
53.54.55.57.58.59.60.61.62.63.64.65.74.81.83.84.85. QK1l7.C84 2000
87.89.90.92.93.94.140.259.263.479.547.595. and 604 are 581.7'6'0974-dc21 99-19556
reprinted from bulletins published by the New York State Museum.
Figures 56. 68. 75. 77. 80. 83.97.98. 103. 104. 108. 124. 128.
129.165.166.170.171.174.175.176.177.178.179.180.181.
183.184.198.201.204.213.224.225.238.245.246.247.248.
249.250.253.255.270.274.275.276.278.280.281.283.286.
287.288.289.338.342.360.362.382.388.396.403.404.407.
408.409.410.412.415.416.417.420.422.42~426.42~428.
430.433.441.443.446.449.453.454.455.456.458.464.470.
471.472.473.474.475.476.477.478.479.480.481.482.488.
491.492.494.495.496.497.498.499.500.501.502.503.505.
508.509.510.511.512.516.517.520.521.525.527.532.533.
534. 535. 536. 552. 553. 554. 561. 568. 585. 590. 592. 594. 595.
597. 598. and 60S are reprinted in part or in whole from Aquatic and
Wetland Plants oj the Southeastern United States by Robert K. Godfrey
and Jean W. Wooten. by permission of the University of Georgia Press.
Copyright © 1979. 1981 by the University of Georgia Press.
Contents
Preface vii Subclass Commelinidae 85
Acknowledgments ix Xyridaceae 85
Introduction xi Eriocaulaceae 92
Map of geographical area xiii Juncaceae 97
Nuisance Aquatic Plants of the Northeast xv Cyperaceae I 2 I
General Keys xix Poaceae (Gramineae) 252
Sparganiaceae 295
Monocotyledons 3 Typhaceae 306
Subclass Alismatidae 3 Subclass Zingiberidae 3 I 0
Butomaceae 3 Marantaceae 3 I 0
Alismataceae 3 Subclass Liliidae 3 I 2
Hydrocharitaceae I I Pontederiaceae 3 I 2
Scheuchzeriaceae 33 Haemodoraceae 3 I 7
Ju ncaginaceae 33 Liliaceae 320
Potamogetonaceae 36 lridaceae 323
Ruppiaceae 58 Burmanniaceae 328
Zannichelliaceae 58 Orchidaceae 328
Zosteraceae 68 Abbreviations 351
Najadaceae 68 Glossary of Plant Terms 353
Subclass Arecidae 76 Glossary of Habitat Terms 363
Acoraceae 76 References 365
Araceae 76 Index 373
Lemnaceae 78
v

Preface
The first edition of Fassett's Manual of Aquatic Plants ap Newfoundland. The coverage of Virginia in the first edi
peared in 1940 and quickly became a classic in its field. tion was necessarily incomplete, and that gap has been
Its success was, in large part, due to Dr. Fassett's aim to closed in this treatment. Fassett's treatment of 752 taxa
provide a manual which would make possible the identi (plus 95 named forms) has been greatly expanded in this
fication of an aquatic plant in sterile as well as reproduc edition to include 1186 taxa.
tive conditions. He made an all-out effort to construct his Dr. Fassett's decision to exclude bog species in the first
keys as simply as possible. coupled with flowering or fruit edition left many aquatic biologists and students in
ing characters where essential for proper identification. northern regions without a comparable guide to the iden
He copiously cross-referenced characters in his keys to la tification of species occupying those wet, boggy habitats.
beled illustrations to facilitate the identification process Thus, we have included those species which typically
further. grow in saturated peat. Likewise, we have attempted to
Shortly before his death in 1954, Dr. Fassett invited Dr. meet the needs of aquatic biologists along the Atlantic
Eugene Ogden to prepare a revised edition. This effort, coast by including species of salt marshes and tidal wa
which appeared in 1957, resulted in a 22-page appendix ters, a study of which began Dr. Fassett's career as a be
aimed at bringing the nomenclature of the original text ginning student in Professor Fernald's Botany 7 class at
up to date. It also provided a much improved supplemen Harvard University and later became the focal point of
tary key to the genus Potamogeton. Both Drs. Fassett and his doctoral dissertation.
Ogden readily acknowledged that the addition of an ap In the original edition Dr. Fassett also included a few of
pendix, though extremely useful, fell far short of the need the more common examples of various groups of algae
for a complete revision. and some common mosses and liverworts. There are ex
This new edition provides the badly needed updating, cellent references now available for the identification of
yet attempts to retain the features which made Fassett's these groups of plants. We feel that to give adequate at
work a classic. The region covered by the first edition, tention even to just the aquatic bryophytes would be be
Minnesota to Missouri, eastward to the Gulf of st. Law yond the scope of our work.
rence and Virginia, has been extended slightly to include
vii

Permission graciously provided by the New York State
Museum is acknowledged for use of illustrations pub-
lished in several of their bulletins (NYSMuseum); Rich-
ard S. Mitchell and E.O.Beal (1979), Magnoliaceae through
Ceratophyllaceae of New York State; Richard S. Mitchell
and J. Kenneth Dean (1978), Polygonaceae (Buckwheat
Family) of New York State;Richard S. Mitchell and J. Ken-
neth Dean (1982), Ranunculaceae (Crowfoot Family) of
New York State;Richard S. Mitchell and Charles J. Sheviak
(1982), Rare Plants of New York State; Eugene C. Ogden
(1981), Field Guide to Northeastern Ferns; and Charles J.
Sheviak (1982), Biosystematic Study of the Spiranthes
cernua Complex.