Aquaculture virology

569 Pages·2016·34.91 MB·English

by  Godoy

Aquaculture Virology
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Aquaculture Virology
Editors
Frederick S.B. Kibenge
University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
Marcos G. Godoy
Universidad San Sebastian, Puerto Montt, Chile
Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (CIBA), Puerto Montt, Chile
AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON • NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS
SAN DIEGO • SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO
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Notices
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ISBN: 978-0-12-801573-5
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Cover photo credit: top: Electron micrograph of TO cells infected with infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) showing highly
pleomorphic (filamentous, spherical, oval, donut-shaped, etc.) enveloped virus particles, each with a uniform fringe surrounding
several electron-dense nucleocapsids. Courtesy of Frederick S.B. Kibenge (Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic
Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada).
Dedication
This book is dedicated to all current and future highly qualified personnel (graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, research
associates, research assistants, diagnostic laboratory staff, clinical veterinarians, aquaculture disease practitioners, farmers
and all teachers of virology) for whom it was written. Their inspiration was the seed for this text.
We also dedicate it to our families:
Molly, Stephen, Elizabeth and Patricia
Esterlin, Mirta, Leonel, Mónica, Daniela, Paula and Sebatian
I find that a great part of the information I have was acquired by looking up something and finding something else on the way.
— Franklin P. Adams, American columnist
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Contents
List of Contributors xv 3. Unclassified and Unassigned Aquatic
Preface xvii Animal Viruses
F.S.B. Kibenge
Part I 3.1 Introduction 35
General Aspects 3.2 Unclassified Viruses of Fish 37
3.2.1 Japanese Eel Endothelial
Cells-Infecting Virus 37
1. Introduction to Aquaculture
3.2.2 Virus Isolates DF 20/00 and DF 26/02 37
and Fisheries
3.2.3 Fisavirus 1 39
F.S.B. Kibenge 3.3 Unclassified Viruses of Crustaceans 39
3.3.1 Shrimp Hepatopancreas-Associated
1.1 Introduction to Aquaculture and Fisheries 3
Circular DNA Virus 39
1.2 Aquatic Species in Aquaculture 3
3.3.2 Panulirus argus Virus 1 40
1.3 Aquaculture Techniques, Systems and
3.3.3 Cherax albidus Picorna-Like Virus
Facilities 3
or Yabby Virus 42
1.3.1 Fish Aquaculture 5
3.3.4 Laem-Singh Virus (LSNV) 42
1.3.2 Crustacean Aquaculture 7
3.3.5 Extra Small Virus-Like Particles 44
1.3.3 Mollusk Aquaculture 7
3.4 Unclassified Viruses of Mollusks 45
1.4 Aquaculture Pathogens 7
3.4.1 Abalone Shivering Syndrome-
1.5 Aquaculture Health Management 7
Associated Virus 45
References 8
3.4.2 Retrotransposons and Transmissible
Cancer in Clams 46
2. Classification and Identification References 46
of Aquatic Animal Viruses
4. Diagnosis of Aquatic Animal Viral
F.S.B. Kibenge
Diseases
2.1 Viruses Are Entities at the Edge of Life 9
F.S.B. Kibenge, M.G. Godoy and M.J.T. Kibenge
2.2 History of Virus Classification 9
2.3 Morphology and Composition of Animal 4.1 Introduction 49
Viruses 9 4.1.1 Objectives for Laboratory Viral
2.4 Overview of Virus Replication 11 Diagnosis in Aquaculture and
2.5 Current Virus Classification Scheme 13 Fisheries 49
2.6 Classification of Aquatic Animal Viruses 4.1.2 Rationale for Laboratory Viral
of Veterinary Importance 18 Diagnosis in Aquaculture and
2.7 Baltimore Classification of Viruses 25 Fisheries 51
2.8 Identification of Aquatic Animal Viruses 4.2 Principles of Laboratory Biosafety and
of Veterinary Importance 26 Biocontainment as Apply to Aquatic
2.9 Unclassified Viruses in Aquaculture 31 Animal Viruses 51
References 31 4.3 Quality Assurance 52
vii
viii Contents
4.4 Principles of Proper Collection, Handling, 6. Determinants of Emergence of Viral
Storage and Submission of Laboratory Diseases in Aquaculture
Specimens for Viral Diagnosis 52
F.S.B. Kibenge
4.5 Necropsy, Gross and Histopathology
Evaluation of Fish 52 6.1 Introduction 95
4.5.1 In Vivo Examination 52 6.2 Virus Attributes That Contribute Most to
4.5.2 Necropsy 52 Emerging Viral Diseases in Aquaculture 101
4.6 Laboratory Methods Used in the Detection, 6.3 Animal Host Attributes That Contribute
Isolation, Identification and Quantification Most to Emerging Viral Diseases in
of Aquatic Animal Viruses 53 Aquaculture 103
4.6.1 Direct Demonstration of Virions, 6.4 Ecosystem Attributes That Contribute
Antigens or Nucleic Acids (the Rapid Most to Emerging Viral Diseases in
Methods) 53 Aquaculture 105
4.6.2 Virus Isolation 67 6.5 Human Attributes That Contribute
4.7 Laboratory Methods Used for Most to Emerging Viral Diseases in
Demonstration of Presence of Specific Aquaculture 105
Viral Antibody (Serology) 70 References 107
4.7.1 Virus Neutralization or Serum
Neutralization 70
4.7.2 Western Blot Analysis 70
Part II
References 70
DNA Viruses of Fish
5. Prevention and Control of Viral 7. Poxviruses of Fish
Diseases in Aquaculture
M.C. Gjessing, S.C. Weli and O.B. Dale
H.M. Munang’andu, S. Mutoloki,
7.1 Introduction 119
and Ø. Evensen
7.2 Salmon Gill Poxvirus Disease (SGPVD) 119
5.1 Introduction 77 7.2.1 Structure and Composition of the
5.2 Disease Prevention and Control Using Virus 119
Biosecurity Measures 78 7.2.2 Classification and Virus Replication 120
5.2.1 Implementation of Biosecurity on 7.2.3 Epidemiology 120
Brood Stations 78 7.2.4 Pathology and Immunity 121
5.2.2 Implementation of Biosecurity on 7.2.5 Diagnostic Methods 121
Aquaculture Farms 79 7.2.6 Prevention and Control 122
5.2.3 National Biosecurity 83 7.3 Carp Edema and Koi Sleepy Disease 122
5.2.4 International Biosecurity 83 7.3.1 Structure and Composition of the
5.3 Selective Breeding for Disease Virus 122
Resistance 83 7.3.2 Classification and Virus Replication 123
5.3.1 Natural Selection of Disease-Resistant 7.3.3 Epidemiology 123
Strains 83 7.3.4 Transmission 123
5.3.2 Genetic Selection of Disease-Resistance 7.3.5 Pathology and Immunity 123
Strains Based on Quantitative Loci 7.3.6 Diagnostic Methods 124
Analysis 84 7.3.7 Prevention and Control 124
5.4 Disease Control by Eradication 86 7.4 Proliferative Branchitits in Ayu
5.4.1 Endemic/Epidemic State 87 (P. Altivelis Temminck & Schlegel)
5.4.2 Intervention Stage 87 “Sweetfish” 124
5.4.3 Elimination Stage 87 7.4.1 Structure and Composition
5.4.4 Certification Stage 88 of Virus 124
5.5 Disease Prevention by Vaccination 88 7.4.2 Classification and Virus
5.5.1 Types of Vaccine 89 Replication 124
5.5.2 Replicative Vaccines 89 7.4.3 Epidemiology 124
References 90 7.4.4 Pathology and Immunity 125
Contents ix
7.4.5 Diagnostic Methods 125 10. Adenoviruses of Fish
7.4.6 Prevention and Control 125
É. Nagy
References 125
10.1 Introduction 173
10.2 Sturgeon Wasting Disease 173
8. Iridoviruses of Fish 10.2.1 Structure and Composition
of Virus 173
P. Hick, J. Becker and R. Whittington
10.2.2 Classification and Virus
8.1 Introduction 127 Replication 174
8.2 Structure and Composition of Virus 127 10.2.3 Epidemiology 175
8.3 Specific Main Fish Diseases 129 10.2.4 Pathology and Immunity 175
8.3.1 Diseases of Fish Caused by 10.2.5 Diagnostic Methods 175
Ranaviruses 129 10.2.6 Prevention and Control 175
8.3.2 Diseases of Fish Caused by Other References 175
Viruses That Are Currently Classified
as Ranaviruses 132 11. Papillomaviruses and Polyomaviruses
8.3.3 Diseases of Fish Caused by Marine in Fish
Ranaviruses 134
T. Mizutani
8.3.4 Diseases of Fish Caused
by Megalocytivirus 135 11.1 Introduction 177
8.3.5 Diseases of Fish Caused 11.2 Fish Diseases 177
by Lymphocystivirus 139 11.2.1 Japanese Eel Endothelial
8.3.6 Diseases of Fish Caused Cell-infecting Virus 177
by Erythrocytic Necrosis Virus (ENV) 142 11.2.2 Black Sea Bass–Associated
8.3.7 Diseases of Fish Caused Polyomavirus 1 179
by White Sturgeon Iridovirus (WSIV) 144 Acknowledgments 180
References 146 References 180
12. Circoviruses of Fish
9. Alloherpesviruses of Fish
T. Tuboly†
L. Hanson, A. Doszpoly, S.J. van Beurden,
P.H. de Oliveira Viadanna and T. Waltzek 12.1 Introduction 183
12.2 Specific Main Fish Disease 184
9.1 Introduction 153
12.3 Structure and Composition of Virus 184
9.2 Catfish Alloherpesviruses 156
12.4 Classification and Virus Replication 185
9.2.1 Ictalurid herpesvirus 1 156
12.5 Epidemiology 187
9.2.2 Ictalurid herpesvirus 2 160
12.6 Pathology and Immunity 187
9.3 Carp Alloherpesviruses 160
12.7 Diagnostic Methods 188
9.3.1 Cyprinid herpesvirus 1 160
12.8 Prevention and Control 188
9.3.2 Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 161
References 189
9.3.3 Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 162
9.4 Eel Alloherpesvirus—Anguillid
Part III
herpesvirus 1 162
9.5 Sturgeon Alloherpesviruses 163 RNA Viruses of Fish
9.5.1 Acipenserid herpesvirus 1 164
9.5.2 Acipenserid herpesvirus 2 164 13. Retroviruses of Fish
9.6 Salmonid Alloherpesviruses 165
S. Quackenbush
9.6.1 Salmonid herpesvirus 1 165
9.6.2 Salmonid herpesvirus 2 165 13.1 Introduction 193
9.6.3 Salmonid herpesvirus 3 166 13.2 Dermal Sarcoma 194
9.6.4 Salmonid herpesvirus 4 166
9.7 Conclusions 167
References 167 † Deceased.