Aquaculture – the farming of fish and

210 Pages·2007·1.5 MB·English

by  World Bank Group

AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT
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THE PROMISE AND CHALLENGE
OF SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE
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Changing
THE FACE OF
THE WATERS

AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT
Changing
THE FACE OF
THE WATERS
The Promise and Challenge
of Sustainable Aquaculture
THEWORLD BANK
Washington, DC
© 2007 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development /The World Bank
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1 2 3 4 :: 10 09 08 07
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addressed to the Office ofthe Publisher,The World Bank,1818 H Street NW,
Washington,DC 20433,USA;fax:[phone];e-mail:[email protected].
ISBN-10:0-8213-7015-4
ISBN-13:978-0-8213-7015-5
eISBN-10:0-8213-7016-2
eISBN-13:978-0-8213-7016-2
DOI:10.1596/978-0-8213-7015-5
Cover photo:Michael Phillips and Sena S.DeSilva,NACA.
Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication data has been applied for.
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
Boxes,Figures,and Tables vii
Preface and Acknowledgments xi
Acronyms,Abbreviations,Currencies,and Units of Measure xv
Introduction and Overview 1
Focus of the Study 1
A Surging Global Industry 2
Challenges and Approaches 4
1. Trends in Global Aquaculture 13
Emergence of a Global Industry 13
Production,Markets,and Trade 15
Future Supply and Demand Projections 19
The Role of External Assistance and the International
Financial Institutions 20
2. Aquaculture,Environment,and Health 23
The Impact of Aquaculture on the Environment 23
The Impact of Aquaculture on Human Health 29
Environmental Services from Aquaculture 35
3. Innovation and Technologies 40
Feeds,Seeds,and Disease 40
Technology Transfer and Capacity Building 49
v
4. Building Pro-Poor Aquaculture 56
Impacts of Aquaculture on Poverty and Livelihoods 56
Lessons from Asia 58
Creating and Distributing Wealth through Aquaculture 62
5. Catalyzing Aquaculture in Less-Developed Countries 68
The Status of Aquaculture in Africa 69
Diagnosis for Sub-Saharan Africa 70
Unlocking the Potential 72
Catalyzing Sustainable Aquaculture in Latin America 78
6. Conclusions and Recommendations 82
Conclusions 82
Recommendations 91
Annexes 93
Annex 1. Definitions of Aquaculture Production Systems 94
Annex 2. Selected Codes,Instruments,and Tools for Responsible
Aquaculture 97
Annex 3. Portfolio Analysis 103
Annex 4. Wealth Creation and Poverty Alleviation—The Asian
Experiences 110
Annex 5. Supplementary Statistical Information 135
Annex 6. The Diversity of Aquaculture Production Systems and
Business Models 146
Annex 7. Guidelines for the Preparation and Implementation of
Aquaculture Projects 156
Notes 163
References 165
Index 180
BOXES, FIGURES, AND TABLES
vi CONTENTS
BOXES, FIGURES, AND TABLES
Boxes
2.1 Fish and Human Health 32
2.2 Win-Win Situations for Aquaculture and the Environment 33
2.3 Aquaculture and Climate Change—Marine Carbon Sequestration 38
3.1 Public Sector and Fish Breeding and Seed Supply Programs 46
3.2 Benefits of One-Stop Aqua Shops 52
3.3 Guiding Principles from Reviews of External Assistance to Asian
Aquaculture 53
4.1 Relative Incomes from Aquaculture and Agriculture 57
4.2 Bringing the Blue Revolution to the Poor 61
4.3 Enabling Factors for Selected Pro-Poor Aquaculture Technologies
and Systems 62
4.4 Trade Disputes over Aquaculture Products 67
5.1 The Abuja Declaration on Sustainable Fisheries and Aquaculture
in Africa 73
A4.1 China–World Bank Freshwater Fisheries Project,1986–92 113
A4.2 Constraints of Community-Based Fish Farming—Project Scorecard
in Puri District of Orissa and Purulia District of West Bengal 115
vii
A4.3 An Integrated Livestock-Fish-Farming System in Indonesia’s Rice-Based
Agriculture 116
A4.4 Enabling Diffusion and Accelerating Adoption of Technology by
the Poor 121
A4.5 Group-Based Aquaculture Models in Bangladesh 122
A4.6 Capital Movement and Environmental Controls 128
A5.1 Examples of the Growing Number of Species Artificially Propagated
for Stock Enhancement 136
Figures
1.1 Aquaculture Production by Developed and Developing Countries 17
1.2 Global Population and Fish Food Supply from Fish Capture and
Culture 18
2.1 Antibiotics and Salmon Production in Norway 34
A4.1 Growth in Fisheries Employment in China,1974–2000 112
A4.2 Changing Fortunes—Shrimp Aquaculture Production by Selected
Producers 127
A5.1 Real Production Costs and Sale Prices of Farmed Atlantic Salmon 141
A5.2 Aquaculture Production of Aquatic Animals by Main Species and
Trophic Groups 142
A5.3 Aquaculture Production by Continent,2004 143
A5.4 Growing Dominance of the Innovators:Global Atlantic Salmon
Production 143
A5.5 Global Aquaculture Production 145
A6.1 Schematic Diagram of an Integrated Commercial Farm in Israel 147
A6.2 Generic Representation of a Range of Low- and High-Trophic-
Level Aquaculture Production Systems 149
Tables
1.1 Aquaculture Production and Growth in 2004 16
1.2 Top 10 Producer Countries by Quantity and by UnitValue in 2004 16
1.3 World Bank Projects with Aquaculture Components 21
1.4 Recent IFC Aquaculture Loans by Region 22
2.1 Environmental Costs and Benefits of Aquaculture 24
viii BOXES,FIGURES,AND TABLES
2.2 Table-Certified Cultured Fish Products in EU Supermarkets 36
3.1 Changes in Prices and Production for Genetically Improved Species 41
3.2 Responses to Selection for Growth Rate 44
4.1 Characterization of Aquaculture Development Pathways in Asia 59
A3.1 Portfolio of World Bank Projects with an Aquaculture Component 104
A3.2 IFC Aquaculture Projects 1992–2006 107
A4.1 Annual Income by Stakeholder Group within the Bangladesh
Shrimp Industry 119
A5.1 Aquaculture Production by Trophic Level of Cultured Species,2003 135
A5.2 Aquaculture Export Earnings in Some Developing Countries of
Asia,2003 136
A5.3 Top 40 Aquaculture Producer Nations,2004 137
A5.4 Projections of Food Fish Demand 139
A5.5 Total Per Capita Food Fish Supply by Continent and Economic
Grouping in 2001 140
A5.6 Fish Consumption before and after Adoption of Improved Aquaculture
in Bangladesh 144
A5.7 Production by Major African Aquaculture Producers 144
A6.1 Ecological Footprints of Aquaculture Systems 148
BOXES,FIGURES,AND TABLES ix