Aquaculture technology flowing water and static water fish culture

285 Pages·2017·5.75 MB·English

by  Soderberg

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Richard W. Soderberg
Aquaculture Technology o
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Aquaculture
Aquaculture Technology: Flowing Water and Static Water Fish Culture is the first book to b
provide the skills to raise fish in both a flowing water and a static water aquaculture e
system with a pragmatic and quantitative approach. Following in the tradition of the r
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author’s highly praised book, Flowing Water Fish Culture, this work will stand out as
one that makes the reader understand the theory of each type of aquaculture system;
Technology
it will teach the user “how to think” rather than “what to think” about these systems.
The book presents the scientific basis for the controlled husbandry of fish, whether it
be in a stream of water or a standing water pool. Section I, Flowing Water Fish Culture,
is a major revision of the author’s initial book and includes greatly expanded coverage
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of rearing unit design criteria, fish growth and the use of liquid oxygen, hatchery
effluent control, and recirculating systems. Section II, Static Water Fish Culture, q
Flowing Water and
presents the scientific basis of fish culture in standing water systems including nutrient
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and dissolved gas dynamics, pond ecology, effects of fertilization and supplemental
feeding, water quality management, and representative static water aquacultures. a Static Water Fish Culture
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Aquaculture Technology conveys the science in a manner appropriate for use by
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university students and teachers and others involved in fish production and aquaculture
research and development worldwide. It will enable the reader to adapt to changing l
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technologies, markets, and environmental regulations as they occur.
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FEATURES: r
• Takes a quantitative approach to the science of aquaculture e
• Covers the complete landscape of the scientific basis of fish culture
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• Promotes problem solving and critical thinking
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• Includes sample problems at the end of most chapters
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• Guides the reader through the technical considerations of intensive aquaculture, h
including fish growth rates, hydraulic characteristics of fish rearing units, oxygen
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consumption rates in relation to oxygen solubility and fish tolerance of hypoxia,
and water reconditioning by reaeration and ammonia filtration o
• Discusses the environmental effects of aquaculture l
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• Includes a chapter on hatchery effluent control to meet receiving water
discharge criteria g
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Aquaculture
Technology
Flowing Water and Static
Water Fish Culture

Aquaculture
Technology
Flowing Water and Static
Water Fish Culture
Richard W. Soderberg
Mansfield University
Mansfield, Pennsylvania
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2017 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
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International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-9884-6 (Hardback)
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Soderberg, Richard W., author.
Title: Aquaculture technology : flowing water and static water fish culture /
Richard W. Soderberg.
Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2017. | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016050243 | ISBN 9781498798846 (hardback : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Fish culture--Water-supply. | Aquaculture.
Classification: LCC SH154 .S63 2017 | DDC 639.8--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016050243
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
Visit the eResources: https://www.crcpress.com/9781498798846
Contents
Preface .................................................................................................................xi
Section I: Flowing water fish culture
Chapter 1 Flowing water fish culture ........................................................3
Chapter 2 Fish growth in hatcheries ..........................................................5
Growth rates of cultured fish in relation to temperature .............................5
Fish growth models based on temperature units .....................................5
Regression models for fish growth ...........................................................11
Projection of fish growth in time ...................................................................15
Temperature unit procedure......................................................................15
Regression model procedure .....................................................................16
Feeding intensively cultured fish ..................................................................18
Hatchery records ..............................................................................................19
Sample problems ..............................................................................................19
References .........................................................................................................21
Chapter 3 Water sources for flowing water fish culture .......................23
The hydrologic cycle ........................................................................................23
Use of surface waters for fish culture ............................................................24
Use of groundwater for fish culture ..............................................................26
Water flow in channels and pipes .................................................................30
Water flow in open channels .....................................................................30
Water flow in pipes .....................................................................................32
Water pumps .....................................................................................................34
Measurement of water flow rate ....................................................................35
Sample problems ..............................................................................................36
References .........................................................................................................36
v
vi Contents
Chapter 4 Fish culture rearing units ........................................................39
Linear units .......................................................................................................39
Circulating units ..............................................................................................43
Sample problems ..............................................................................................48
References .........................................................................................................48
Chapter 5 The solubility of oxygen in water ..........................................51
The gas laws ......................................................................................................51
Calculation of the oxygen solubility in water ..............................................52
Correction for pressure and salinity .............................................................56
Measurement of dissolved oxygen concentration .......................................57
Expression of DO in tension units .................................................................57
Sample problems ..............................................................................................58
References .........................................................................................................59
Chapter 6 The oxygen requirements of fish ...........................................61
Fish respiration physiology ............................................................................61
Oxygen consumption rates of cultured fish .................................................62
Effects of hypoxia on growth .........................................................................67
Assignment of DO minima for hatcheries ...................................................69
Sample problems ..............................................................................................70
References .........................................................................................................71
Chapter 7 Rearing density and carrying capacity .................................75
Independence of loading rate and rearing density .....................................75
Calculation of hatchery carrying capacity ...................................................75
Willoughby’s method .................................................................................75
Piper’s method .............................................................................................76
Calculation of carrying capacity from oxygen consumption ....................78
Comparison of methods for calculation of carrying capacity ...................79
Fish rearing density .........................................................................................80
Spatial requirements of cultured fish ...........................................................81
Density index ....................................................................................................83
Sample problems ..............................................................................................84
References .........................................................................................................85
Chapter 8 Reaeration of flowing water ....................................................87
Aeration theory ................................................................................................87
Gravity aeration devices ..................................................................................87
Mechanical aeration devices ..........................................................................92
Diffuser aeration devices ................................................................................96
Oxygenation ......................................................................................................97
Problems with gas supersaturation .............................................................104
Contents vii
Sample problems ............................................................................................107
References .......................................................................................................108
Chapter 9 Ammonia production and toxicity ......................................111
Ammonia production rate .............................................................................111
Ammonia toxicity ...........................................................................................111
Calculation of ammonia concentration .......................................................112
Correction of the NH fraction for ionic strength ......................................115
3
Assignment of NH maxima for hatcheries ................................................117
3
Carrying capacity with respect to ammonia ..............................................118
Production capacity assessment ...................................................................119
Sample problems ............................................................................................123
References .......................................................................................................124
Chapter 10 Fish hatchery effluent control ...............................................127
Solids removal in the quiescent zone ..........................................................127
Production and control of phosphorus .......................................................134
Production and control of nitrogen .............................................................135
Mechanical filtration ......................................................................................135
Sample problems ............................................................................................137
References .......................................................................................................137
Chapter 11 Water recirculation ..................................................................141
Biological filtration .........................................................................................142
Microbiology ..............................................................................................142
Biofilter configuration ...............................................................................144
Removal of solid waste ..................................................................................148
RAS and water reuse system management ................................................149
Control of CO ............................................................................................150
2
Control of nitrite toxicity ..........................................................................150
Foam fractionation and ozone .................................................................151
Summary .........................................................................................................152
Sample problems ............................................................................................152
References .......................................................................................................155
Section II: Static water fish culture
Chapter 12 Static water fish culture .........................................................161
Chapter 13 Review of limnology ..............................................................163
Density of water and lake stratification ......................................................163
Trophic status of lakes ...................................................................................164
Dissolved oxygen dynamics in relation to trophic status ........................166
viii Contents
Energy transfer in lakes ................................................................................166
The biology of lakes ........................................................................................167
Applied limnology for fish ponds ...............................................................168
References .......................................................................................................171
Chapter 14 Principles of static water aquaculture .................................173
Swingle’s principles .......................................................................................173
Chapter 15 The ecology of static water aquaculture .............................177
Fish growth .....................................................................................................178
Fish production ..............................................................................................179
Sample problems ............................................................................................183
References .......................................................................................................184
Chapter 16 Photosynthesis and respiration ............................................185
Solubility of DO and CO ..............................................................................185
2
Measurement of dissolved gas concentrations ..........................................186
CO and pH dynamics in fish ponds ...........................................................186
2
Sample problems ............................................................................................190
References .......................................................................................................190
Chapter 17 The carbon cycle, alkalinity, and liming ............................193
Carbon cycle....................................................................................................193
pH .....................................................................................................................196
Alkalinity ........................................................................................................196
Measurement of alkalinity ...........................................................................198
Identification of ponds needing lime ..........................................................198
Liming .............................................................................................................199
Sample problems ............................................................................................199
References .......................................................................................................200
Chapter 18 Nutrient cycles and fertilization ..........................................201
Ecology of cultured fish ................................................................................202
Organic fertilization ......................................................................................203
Organic fertilizer materials .....................................................................203
Organic fertilization rates ........................................................................205
Inorganic fertilization ....................................................................................207
Inorganic fertilizer materials ...................................................................207
The history of inorganic fertilization of fish ponds .............................208
Inorganic fertilization rates .....................................................................210
Comparison of inorganic fertilization rates ..........................................212
Importance of inorganic nitrogen fertilization .....................................213
Use of combinations of organic and inorganic fertilizers .........................214
Contents ix
Advantages and disadvantages of organic and inorganic fertilizers.....215
Sample problems .............................................................................................216
References ........................................................................................................216
Chapter 19 Use of artificial diets in static water aquaculture .............221
Artificial fish diets .........................................................................................221
Effects of feed addition on water quality ...................................................223
Aeration of static water fish ponds ..............................................................224
Representative static water aquacultures based on artificial diets .........230
Sample problems ............................................................................................232
References .......................................................................................................233
Appendix: Solutions to sample problems ................................................237
Index ................................................................................................................263