Aquaculture Microbiology and Biotechnology, Vol. 1 PDF
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Aquaculture Microbiology and Biotechnology Volume 1 Aquaculture Microbiology and Biotechnology Volume 1 Editors Didier Montet Centre International de Recherche en Agronomie pour le Développement (CIRAD) Montpellier France Ramesh C. Ray Central Tuber Crops Research Institute Bhubaneswar India Science Publishers Enfield (NH) Jersey Plymouth Science Publishers www.scipub.net 234 May Street Post Office Box 699 Enfield, New Hampshire 03748 United States of America General enquiries : [email protected] Editorial enquiries: [email protected] Sales enquiries : [email protected] Published by Science Publishers, Enfield, NH, USA An imprint of Edenbridge Ltd., British Channel Islands Printed in India © 2009 reserved ISBN 978-1-57808-574-3 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Aquaculture microbiology and biotechnology / editors, Didier Montet, Ramesh C. Ray. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-57808-574-3 (hardcover) 1. Fishes--Diseases. 2. Fishes--Genetics. 3. Microbial biotechnology. 4. Aquaculture. I. Montet, Didier. II. Ray, Ramesh C. SH171.A72 2009 639.3--dc22 2009003772 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher, in writing. The exception to this is when a reasonable part of the text is quoted for purpose of book review, abstracting etc. This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise be lent, re-sold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. PREFACE Aquaculture is currently one of the fastest growing production sectors in the world. It now accounts for nearly half (45%) of the world’s food fish (which refers to production of aquatic animals: fish, crustaceans, molluscs, amphibians) and this increase is expected to reach 50% in 2015. Genetic engineering and biotechnology have contributed vastly to this field. The most commonly used methods in fish biotechnology are chromosome manipulation and hormone treatment which can be used to produce triploid, tetraploid, haploid, gynogenetic and androgenetic fish. In Chapter 1— Transgenic Fish— Arvanitoyannis and Tserkezou have described various aspects of genetic engineering in development of transgenic fish. Montet and his colleagues in Chapter 2 have discussed the application of PCR-DGGE method in tracing the geographical origin of fish using native bacterial flora as a biological marker. This technique is quicker (less than 24 h) than all the classical microbial techniques and can be considered as a provider of a unique biological bar code. The various bacterial fish diseases, and both, bacterial and viral, shrimp diseases and their molecular diagnostic methods have been addressed in Chapters 3 and 4, respectively. The benefits of using molecular tools are their high sensitivity and specificity. The disadvantages are that they detect nucleic acid in general and not necessarily a viable pathogen. Intensive use of antibiotics in aquaculture has been associated with the increase of bacterial resistance in the exposed microbial environment (water, sediment, fish bacteria). Sarter and Guichard in Chapter 5 have addressed the detrimental effects of antibiotic resistance in aquaculture such as (i) once acquired, resistance genes can be maintained even in the absence of the corresponding antibiotic, (ii) farming practices impact extends beyond the individual farm environment, and (iii) in response to the antibiotic pressure, bacteria optimizes its resistance system towards multiple drugs to survive leading to multi-resistance patterns. Consequently, the contamination of the environment with bacterial pathogens resistant to antimicrobial agents is a real threat not only as a source of disease but also as a source from which resistance genes can vi Aquaculture Microbiology and Biotechnology easily spread to other pathogens of diverse origins, which has severe implications on both animal and human health. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) vaccination is considered as a promising strategy to combat various bacterial and viral diseases in aquaculture. Chapter 6 by Gillund and his colleagues describe some of the prospects and constraints of DNA vaccination in aquaculture. There is a need for further investigation especially concerning immunological reactions following DNA vaccine injection, the fate of the DNA vaccines after injection and environmental release of the DNA vaccine. Probiotics, commonly refers to the lactic acid bacteria (Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, etc.) and yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), are culture products or live microbial feed supplements, which beneficially affects the host by improving the intestinal (microbial) balance of humans and animals and should be capable of commercialization. Use of probiotics in aquaculture is comparatively new and in Chapter 7, Austin and Brunt have discussed the recent progress in the application of probiotics in freshwater aquaculture, mode of action of probiotics and future development. Aquaculture practices in India and other Asian countries are based mainly on organic inputs and hence, offer great scope for recycling of a variety of animal wastes like cow dung, cattle shed refuse, lignocellulosic wastes such as crop residues and aquatic macrophytes. In Chapter 8, Barik and Ayappan have addressed various lignocellulosic wastes as resources for freshwater aquaculture, their bioconversion and utilization for fish culture. The last chapter of this volume (Chapter 9) by Arvanitoyannis and Kassaveti describes subjects pertaining to ethics, legislation, risk assessment concerning genetic engineering in aquaculture, particularly to the release of transgenic fish into the environment. The possible impact on human health and related issues have been also addressed. They predict that the new technology (transgenic fish) may not be totally risk-free but the benefits may vastly overweigh the risks. Didier Montet Ramesh C. Ray CONTENTS Preface v List of Contributors ix 1 Transgenic Fish: Issues and Applications 1 Ioannis S. Arvanitoyannis and Persephoni Tserkezou 2 Application of PCR-DGGE Method in Determining 41 Origin of Fish: Case Studies of Pangasius Fish from Vietnam, Tilapia from Thailand and Sea Bass from France Didier Montet, Le Nguyen Doan Duy, Ratanaporn Leesing, Thierry Goli and Gérard Loiseau 3 Bacterial Fish Diseases and Molecular Tools for 73 Bacterial Fish Pathogens Detection Ana Roque, Sonia A. Soto-Rodríguez and Bruno Gomez-Gil 4 Shrimp Diseases and Molecular Diagnostic Methods 101 Sonia A. Soto-Rodríguez, Bruno Gomez-Gil and Ana Roque 5 Bacterial Antibiotic Resistance in Aquaculture 133 Sarter Samira and Benjamin Guichard 6 DNA Vaccines Application in Aquaculture: 159 Prospects and Constraints Frøydis Gillund, Tom Christian Tonheim, Anne Ingeborg Myhr and Roy Dalmo 7 The Use of Probiotics in Aquaculture 185 B. Austin and J.W. Brunt 8 Lignocellulose Biotechnology: Issues of Bioconversion and 209 Utilization in Freshwater Aquaculture S.K. Barik and S. Ayyappan viii Aquaculture Microbiology and Biotechnology 9 Genetic Engineering in Aquaculture: 235 Ecological and Ethical Implications Ioannis S. Arvanitoyannis and Aikaterini Kassaveti Index 263 Color Plate Section 277 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Aikaterini Kassaveti School of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Agriculture Ichthyology & Aquatic Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou str., 38446, Neo Ionia Magnesia, Volos Hellas (Greece), Tel: +30 24210 93104, Fax: +30 24210 93137 Ana Roque IRTA-Sant Carles de la Rápita, Carr al Poblenou SN km 5.5 Sant Carles de la Rapita. Spain E-mail: [email protected] Anne Ingeborg Myhr Genøk – Center for Biosafety, The Science Park in Breivika, Po Box 6418, 9294 Tromsø, Norway E-mail: [email protected] B. Austin School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH14 4AS, U.K. E-mail: [email protected] Benjamin Guichard AFSSA-ANMV, BP 90203, 35302 Fougères, France Bruno Gomez-Gil CIAD, A.C. Mazatlan Unit for Aquaculture and Environmental Management, A.P. 711 Mazatlan, Sinaloa 82010, Mexico Didier Montet Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, TA 95B/16, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France, Tel: 33 467615728, Fax: 33 467614444 E-mail: [email protected]
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