Aquaculture Management

184 Pages·1989·5.1 MB·English

by  James W. Meade (auth.)

AQUACULTURE
MANAGEMENT
AQUACULTURE
MANAGEMENT
James W. Meade
AnaviBook
Published by Van Nostrand Reinhold
New York
An AVI Book
(AVI is an imprint of Van Nostrand Reinhold)
Copyright © 1989 by Van Nostrand Reinhold
Softcover reprint of tile hardcover 1st edition 1989
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 88-27997
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Library of Congress Cataloging·in·Publication Data
Meade, James W.
Aquaculture management.
Includes index.
I. Aquaculture. I. Title.
SH135.M43 1989 639'.0916 88-27997
ISBN·13: 978·1·4615·6472·0 e·ISBN·13: 978·1·4615·6470·6
001: 10.1007/978·1·4615·6470·6
To my parents,
Jim (Wink) and Veda May
for the debt unowed I can never repay
Preface
Although some nations, such as Japan, have invested in aquaculture research
and developed major aquaculture industries, the opportunities for similar devel
opment in the United States remain largely unnoticed. In a typical recent year
the United States, which claims 20% of the world's marine fisheries resources,
imported seafood worth $4.8 billion and exported $l.3 billion. In addition to the
$3.5 billion deficit in food-fish, was another $2.7 billion deficit for nonedible
fishery products. Next to oil, fishery products constituted the second highest
drain on the United States balance of payments and accounts for a significant
portion of the foreign trade deficit. Furthermore, fish consumption has been
increasing in North America. In response to the demand for fishery products,
aquaculture managers not only have the opportunity to realize economic profit,
but in doing so can make an important contribution to reducing the national
debt, providing employment, and enhancing our diet.
This book might be considered a farm management text for those in
aquaculture. It is intended to provide an introduction to aquaculture principles
and an introduction to management, including business and people management,
microeconomics, and the concepts of efficiency and productivity. I hope it will
bridge the gap between conservationists, the academic community, and commer
cial culturists. Abundant references should enable the reader to quickly access
literature on most topics germane to the management of culture systems. Many
scientific names have been omitted, but they can be easily found by cross refer
ence in such publications as Common and Scientific Names of Fishes, American
Fisheries Society Special Publication No. 12, 1980 (Bethesda, MD, 174 pp.).
Although this is a general or "principles" text, it stresses the component nature
of culture systems, each composed of several enterprises that can themselves be
studied, managed, and mixed to increase productivity and to maximize returns
to the manager's available resources. The concepts are suitable for application
by government employees and managers, for university and other not-for-profit
organization professionals, as well as for those in the "business end" of the
industry.
The book is not intended to be a culture techniques manual. The set of
culture techniques for red drum, for various algae, for striped bass, oysters,
Atlantic salmon, eels, inland trout, abalone, sturgeon, crawfish, mullet, orna
mental fishes, lobster, and many others are each topics of books or book-sized
vii
viii PREFACE
manuals. And new techniques and manuals are appearing at an increasingly rapid
rate. Not only do the generalized, and currently changing, culture techniques
differ among species-related culture systems, but the techniques may be modi
fied for geographic location, specific site features, genetic make-up of stock and
enterprise objectives. Although this book identifies sources of information that
address the techniques used in various types of culture, it primarily concerns
management concepts as applied to aquatic culture in the United States.
Acknowledgments
I am indebted to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and
Garland B. Pardue, for providing me the opportunity to write this book. Other
USFWS personnel were also instrumental. William F. Krise was a principal
author of Chapters 1 and 6. Joyce Mann provided administrative planning
advice. Susan Bencus not only typed and retyped but provided important tech
nical advice, and Betsy Driebelbies provided technical reprints and library
assistance. Lori Redell, Debbie Enderle, and Les Mengel produced the figures.
Paul Eschmeyer provided invaluable review and editorial comments. George
Ketola provided information on ethics.
I am grateful to many other friends and associates for their help. Thomas
Young of Mansfield University was principal author of Chapter 7. Sandra Linck
and Gale Largey, both also of Mansfield University, gave me direction and
advice on "people" issues. Carol Fryday, independent editor of Pittsburgh,
PA, and Dick Soderberg of Mansfield University, made important editorial and
review comments. I referred to lecture notes from Howard Clontz and Sidney
Bell of Auburn University, and Robert S. Pomeroy of Clemson University,
provided information and advice. Harry Westers of the Michigan Department
of Natural Resources, and David S. Liao of the Marine Resources Research
Institute, S.C., also provided technical information.
ix
Contents
Preface / vii
Acknowledgments / ix
PART ONE: PERSPECTIVES / 1
Chapter 1. PRINCIPLES OF FISH CULTURE
AND AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS / 3
Definition, Principles, and Need for Management / 3
The Culture System Spectra / 5
World Overview / 5
Freshwater / 8
Saltwater / 10
Temperature / 10
Organizational Systems / 11
Operational Systems and Degree of Intensification / 11
Summary / 14
Chapter 2. PRINCIPLES OF CULTURE SYSTEMS
MANAGEMENT / 17
Management Definitions and Approaches / 18
The Job of Management / 18
Management Functions and Activities 18
Planning and Organizing / 20
Decision Making / 21
Control and Evaluation / 21
Accepting Responsibility / 22
Management Styles and Attributes of Successful Managers / 22
Scope of Aquaculture Management / 24
xi
xii CONTENTS
Bottom Line / 24
Managing to Achieve Objectives / 24
Financial Analyses Miss the Point in the Public Domain / 26
Sometimes Financial Analyses Do Not Miss the Point / 28
Summary / 28
Chapter 3. APPROACHES TO PEOPLE
(USING HUMAN RESOURCES) / 30
Contingency Theory / 30
Management Skills / 31
Leading and Motivating / 31
Motivating (Maslow) Needs Hierarchy / 31
Communicating and Active Listening / 32
Using Performance Plans and Examples of a
Performance Standard / 33
Productivity / 36
What is Productivity? / 36
The Manager's Mandate and Enhancing Effectiveness / 37
Beginning / 42
Summary / 43
Chapter 4. MARKETING / 45
Introduction / 45
Functional and Institutional Aspects of Marketing / 46
Performance / 47
Cooperatives / 48
Marketing Studies and Test Marketing / 49
Strategies for Cultured Products / 49
Summary / 51
Chapter 5. LIFE CYCLES AND PRODUCTION STRATEGIES / 54
Enterprises and the Concept of Mixing / 54
Energy Flow / 56
Summary / 57
Chapter 6. WATER AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT / 59
Water Management / 59
Quality / 59
Aeration, Oxygen Injection, Atmospheric Exchange / 60