Aquaculture in desert and arid lands: development constraints and

216 Pages·2012·14.77 MB·English

FAO ISSN
2 FISHERIES AND 20
0 AQUACULTURE 70
-6
PROCEEDINGS 10
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20
20
FAO FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE PROCEEDINGS
Aquaculture in desert and arid lands
Development constraints and opportunities
FAO Technical Workshop
6–9 July 2010
A
Hermosillo, Mexico
q
u
a Aquaculture in desert and arid lands
c
Modern technologies and alternative energy sources have u
lt
allowed the expansion of aquaculture in deserts and arid u
r
e Development constraints and opportunities
regions over the last decade. The current status of desert in
aquaculture, developmental constraints and opportunities, d
e
s
were discussed at the FAO technical workshop held in e
r
Hermosillo, Mexico, in July 2010. The organization of this t a FAO Technical Workshop
n
d 6–9 July 2010
workshop resulted from the growing interest of numerous a
r Hermosillo, Mexico
countries with vast desert areas to develop this food id
production sector and the desire to make better use of the la
n
d
limited water resources available in these harsh environments. s
–
This publication presents the recent experiences of desert and D
e
arid land aquaculture in seven countries and regions across the v
e
globe (Australia, Egypt, Israel, Mexico, Southern Africa, the lo
p
m
United States of America, and Central Asia) describing the
e
n
achievements of a number of farming operations, and the t
c
potential of using geothermal, surface and underground fresh o
n
s
and brackish waters. Furthermore, the global overview on t
r
a
desert aquaculture illustrates, with the use of maps and tables, in
t
s
those countries with vast extensions of arid territories that a
n
have the potential of further develop this industry. The d
o
document also provides recommendations on how to promote p
p
o
and expand this aquaculture subsector. Limited water supply r
t
u
remains the single largest developmental constraint, however, n
it
where the resource is available, the development of integrated ie
s
aqua-agriculture systems may provide economic output
opportunities from such resource-limited regions.
ISBN 978-92-5-106992-9 ISSN 2070-6103
F
A
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9 7 8 9 2 5 1 0 6 9 9 2 9
BA0114E/1/09.11
Cover photo: Harvesting of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in a
small-scale desert fish pond in Ouargla District, Algeria (courtesy of
Valerio Crespi).
FAO
FISHERIES AnD
AquACuLTuRE
PROCEEDInGS

20
Aquaculture in desert and arid lands
Development constraints and opportunities
FAO Technical Workshop
6–9 July 2010
Hermosillo, Mexico
Valerio Crespi
Aquaculture Service
FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department
Rome, Italy

and
Alessandro Lovatelli
Aquaculture Service
FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department
Rome, Italy
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Rome, 2011
The designations employed and the presentation of material in this
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ISBN 978-92-5-106992-9
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© FAO 2011
iii
Preparation of this document
This document contains the proceedings of the technical workshop entitled “Aquaculture
in desert and arid lands: development constraints and opportunities” held from 6 to 9
July 2010, in Hermosillo, Mexico, and organized by the Fisheries and Aquaculture
Department of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
and the Centro de Investigacíon en Alimentación y Desarrollo (CIAD).
The workshop was a direct result of the growing interest by FAO Member
countries with vast desert territories within their national boundaries and the desire
to make better use of the limited water resources in these areas characterized by harsh
climatic conditions. The production of additional animal proteins would contribute
to the dietary needs of rural households, as well as generate additional employment
opportunities and revenues. This document contains a summary of the workshop,
including major opportunities and constraints in the development of desert aquaculture
and a series of follow-up and recommended actions for the sector to grow. It also
includes a brief global overview on the status and trend of aquaculture development
in desert and arid lands and seven reviews from different countries and regions of the
world. These reviews provide interesting information on past and recent experiences, as
well as ongoing activities on desert aquaculture. The document is written for national
authorities (e.g. governments, ministries and research institutions) that are interested
in promoting and supporting the development of desert aquaculture, and it attempts to
provide a comprehensive review on the main issues specific to this subsector.
This document was prepared under the supervision of Valerio Crespi and Alessandro
Lovatelli, Aquaculture Officers, Aquaculture Service (FIRA), FAO Fisheries and
Aquaculture Department.
iv
Abstract
Aquaculture in desert and arid lands has been growing steadily over the last decade
thanks to the modern technologies and alternative energy sources that have allowed
water in these places of extremes to be exploited more effectively and more efficiently,
using it for both crop irrigation and production of fish.
This publication presents the evolution of desert and arid lands aquaculture in the past
few decades in seven countries and regions (Australia, Egypt, Israel, Mexico, Southern
Africa, the United States of America and Central Asia) describing the achievements of a
number of farming operations, which demonstrate the significant potential for farming
commercial aquatic organisms using geothermal, fresh and brackish waters. The global
overview on desert aquaculture development shows, through the use of maps and tables,
those countries with vast extensions of arid territories that should be better investigated
for potential aquaculture development.
Limiting factors were extensively discussed during the workshop, and several
measures were identified and proposed. Desert conditions are characterized by high day
temperatures, cold winter nights, high solar radiation, scarce precipitation and very low
relative humidity. The experts reached consensus on the definition of aquaculture in the
desert and arid lands, which was defined as follows: “Aquaculture activities practised
in desert and arid lands characterized by low precipitation (<250 mm/year), high solar
radiation, high rate of evaporation, using subsurface and surface water”.
At the end of the workshop, a series of recommendations were elaborated by the
experts to assist FAO Member countries wishing to generate a favourable national
environment to promote sustainable aquaculture development.
Limited water supply remains the single largest constraint for aquaculture
development in arid and semi-arid regions; however, where the resource is available, the
development of integrated aqua-agriculture systems may certainly provide economic
output opportunities from such resource-limited regions. Such farming systems may
also enable the production of highly priced fish, vegetables and fruits all year round.

Crespi, V.; Lovatelli, A.
Aquaculture in desert and arid lands: development constraints and opportunities.
FAO Technical Workshop. 6–9 July 2010, Hermosillo, Mexico.
FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Proceedings No. 20. Rome, FAO. 2011. 202 pp.
v
Contents
Preparation of this document iii
Abstract iv
Contributors vi
Acknowledgements vii
Abbreviations and Acronyms viii
Workshop summary 1
Workshop background 1
Workshop objectives and approach 1
Workshop recommendations 1
Annex 1 – Agenda 7
Annex 2 – List of participants 9
Annex 3 – Expert profiles 11
Annex 4 – Selected photographs 17

COnTRIBuTED PAPERS 23
Global desert aquaculture at a glance 25
Valerio Crespi and Alessandro Lovatelli
An overview on desert aquaculture in Australia 39
Sagiv Kolkovski
An overview on desert aquaculture in Central Asia
(Aral Sea Drainage Basin) 61
Bakhtiyor Karimov
An overview on desert aquaculture in Israel 85
Gideon Hulata and Yitzhak Simon
Aquaculture experiences in the negev Desert in Israel 113
Samuel Appelbaum
An overview on desert aquaculture in Southern Africa 119
Blessing Mapfumo
An overview on desert aquaculture in Egypt 141
Sherif Sadek
An overview on desert aquaculture in the united States of America 159
Granvil Treece
An overview on desert aquaculture in Mexico 187
Manuel Segovia Quintero
vi
Contributors
Samuel APPELBAUM Blessing MAPFUMO
Albert Katz Department of Dryland Marketing Information and Technical
Biotechnologies Advisory Services for the Fisheries
The Bengis Center for Desert Aquaculture Industry in Southern Africa
Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel Windhoek, Namibia
Valerio CRESPI Sherif SADEK
Aquaculture Service Aquaculture Consultant Office
Fisheries and Aquaculture Department Cairo, Egypt
Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations Manuel SEGOVIA QUINTERO
Rome, Italy Development and Planning of Aquaculture
Technology
Gideon HULATA Aquaculture Department
Department of Poultry and Aquaculture Center for Scientific Research and Higher
Institute of Animal Science Education (CICESE)
Agricultural Research Organization Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
Bet Dagan, Israel
Yitzhak SIMON
Bakhtiyor KARIMOV Ministry of Agriculture
Institute of Zoology of Uzbekistan Extension Service
Academy of Sciences Aquaculture Division
Tashkent, Uzbekistan Bet Dagan, Israel
Sagiv KOLKOVSKI Granvil TREECE
Department of Fisheries Texas A&M University
Northbeach, Western Australia, Australia College Station, Texas
United States of America
Alessandro LOVATELLI
Aquaculture Service
Fisheries and Aquaculture Department
Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations
Rome, Italy
vii
Acknowledgements
Numerous individuals contributed to the successful organization and implementation of
the desert and arid lands aquaculture workshop in Hermosillo, Mexico, which resulted
in the present publication. All of them are gratefully acknowledged for their efforts and
contributions during the preparatory phase and at the workshop itself. Special thanks
are due to the “Centro de Investigacíon en Alimentación y Desarrollo” (CIAD) and
its staff for logistic arrangements; in particular, Mr Ramón Pacheco Aguilar, CIAD
General Director, for his opening speech at the workshop and for his hospitality,
Mr Luís Noriega Nuñez, for his kind assistance in the preparation of the workshop, and
Ms Rosa María Angulo Bañuelos, for her efficient support in all administrative matters.
Ms Silvia Gómez Jiménez (CIAD) and Mr Hiroshi Kitani of the Japan International
Cooperation Agency are gratefully acknowledged for their active contribution to the
workshop.
Thanks are also due to Mr Michael B. New, Mr Enrico Maria Andreini, Ms Claudia
Aguado-Castillo, Mr Nadir Abi Nassif, Ms Marianne Guyonnet and Ms Tina Farmer
for their contribution towards the final production of this publication. Mr Fabio Carocci
is a acknowledged for the production of the global maps and the main maps used in each
of the review papers included in this proceeding. The graphic layout of the proceedings
was prepared by Mr José Luis Castilla Civit.
The organization of the workshop and the preparation of this document were
possible thanks to funds provided by the FAO Regular Programme.
viii
Abbreviations and acronyms
AASA Aquaculture Association for Southern Africa
ADU Aquaculture Development Unit
AI Aridity index
AISA Aquaculture Institute of South Africa
AMA Arizona Mariculture Associates
ASDB Aral Sea Drainage Basin
AUD Australian dollar
CA Central Asia
CBS Central Bureau of Statistics
CFGC California Department of Fish and Game
CIAD Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo
CIBNOR Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste
CICESE Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de
Ensenada
CONAPESCA National Aquaculture and Fishing Commission
CPISARC Cooke Plains Inland Saline Aquaculture Research Centre
CSAP Camdeboo Satellite Aquaculture Project
DAFF Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
DoFWA Department of Fisheries – Western Australia
EU European Union
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
FCDC Uzbek Research Centre of Fish Culture Development
FCR Feed conversion ratio
FDA Federal Drug Administration
FRDC Fisheries Research and Development Corporation
FTS Flow-through system
GAFRD General Authority for Fish Resources Development
GDP Gross domestic product
GMO Genetically modified organism
GoB Government of Botswana
HACCP Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (system)
HE Haemocytic enteritis
IAAS Integrated agri-aquaculture systems
IFREMER Institute français de recherche pour l’exploration de la mer
IISBA International Initiative for Sustainable and Biosecure Aquafarming
INAPESCA Instituto Nacional de Pesca
INFOSA Marketing Information and Technical Advisory Services for the
Fisheries Industry in Southern Africa
INWEH Institute for Water, Environment & Health
ISAARG Inland Saline Aquaculture Applied Research Group
ISARC Inland Saline Aquaculture Research Centre
KIFI Kamutjonga Inland Fisheries Institute
MAWR Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources
MDB Murray-Darling Basin
MFCF Muynak Fish Canning Factory
MFMR Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources
MIL Murray Irrigation Limited