Aquaculture: Fundamental and Applied Research

313 Pages·4.324 MB·English

Coastal and Estuarine Studies
Managing Editors'
Malcolm J. Bowman Richard T. Barber
ChristopherN .K. Mooers John A.
Coastal
and Estuarine Studies
43
B. Lahlou and P. Vitiello (Eds.)
Aquaculture: Fundamental
and Applied Research
American Geophysical Union
Washington,
Managing Editors
Malcolm J. Bowman
Marine Sciences Research Center, State Universityo f New York
Stony Brook, N.Y. 11794, USA
Richard T. Barber
Duke Marine Laboratory
Beaufort, N.C. 28516, USA
ChristopherN .K. Mooers
Ocean Process Analysis Laboratory
Institutef or the Study of the Earth, Oceans and Space
Universityo f New Hampshire
Durham, N.H. 03824-3525, USA
John A. Raven
Dept. of BiologicalS ciences, Dundee University
Dundee, DD1 4HN, Scotland
Editors
B. LAHLOU P. VITIELLO
Laboratoirdee PhysiologCiee llulaireet Comparc(cid:127),e Laboratoirdee Biologiem arine
Facult(cid:127) des Sciences Facultd(cid:127) esS ciencedse Marseille-Luminy
Parc Valrose 13288 MARSEILLE CEDEX 9
06108 NICE CEDEX 2 FRANCE FRANCE
Libraryo f CongressC ataloging-in-PublicationD ata
Aquacultu:rfeu ndamentaanl da ppliedre searc/h B . Lahloua ndP . Vitiello(e ds.).
p. cm.- (Coastaal nd estuarines tudiesI,S SN0 733-9569; 43)
Papersb asedo n lecturesd elivereda t the InternationCalo ngresos n Researchfo r
AquacultureF:u ndamentaaln d AppliedA spects,h eldO ct. 6-10, 1991, at Antibes-Juan
Les Pins (Alpes-MaritimesF,r ance).
Includesb ibliographicarle ferences.
ISBN 0-87590-257-X
1. Fishes(cid:127)Physiology(cid:127)ongresses. 2. Hatcherfyis hes---Physiology--
Congresses. 3. Fish-culturCc ongresses. 4. AquaculturCc ongresses.
I. LahlouB, ., 1936-- II. VitielloP, . (Pierre) III. InternationCaol ngresosn
ReseafrocrAh quaculFtuu;ned: ameanntdAa pl pliAesdp ec1t9s9 ß1J uan-les-Pins,
France) IV. Series.
QL639.1.A68 1993
597'.01(cid:127)c20 93-38053
CIP
ISSN 0733-9569
ISBN 0-87590-257-X
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CONTENTS
PREFACE ..................................... vii
PART 1: Adaptationst o the environment.
Acid-baseB alancei n AquaticI nvertebrates:T he Effectso f
Environmental Factors
J. P. Treehot ................................
Respiratorya nd Ionic Regulationin Fish with Changeso f the
Environment
N. Heisler ................................. 15
Effects of Variations in Water pH on Fish
D. J. Randall and H. Lin ....................... 31
Calcium RegulatoryP rocessesin Fish
S. E. WendelaarB ongaa nd G. Flik 47
SeaW ater AdaptationS trategiesin Salmonids
G. Boeuf .................................. 61
Photoperiodisman d the Control of Reproductiona nd Development
in Farmed Fish
N. Bromage,C . Randall,B . Davies, M. Thrush,J . Duston,
M. Carrillo and S. Zanuy ....................... 81
PART 2: Nutrition and metabolism.
The Metabolismo f Phospholipidasn d PolyunsaturatedF atty Acidsi n
Fish
J. R. Sargent,J . G. Bell, M. V. Bell, R. J. Hendersona nd
D. R. Tocher .............................. 103
Protein Metabolism in Fish
C. B. Cowey .............................. 125
Nutrient Transport in Fish: Studiesw ith Membrane Vesicles
C. Storelli and T. Verri ....................... 139
PART 3' Growth and development.
Developmenot f Fish Larvae and Rearing Conditionsin Hatcheries
F. J. Gatesoupe ............................
Effect of GH Treatment on SalmonidG rowth: Study of the
Variability of Response
P. Y. Le Bail, J. Perez-Sanchez, K. Yao and G. Maisse 173
PART 4: Reproduction.
The NeuroendocrineC ontrol of the Gonadotropin (GTH2) Secretioni n
Teleost Fish
B. Breton, T. Mikplajczyk and W. Popek ............ 199
EstrogenR eceptor Gene Expressiona nd Regulationi n the Liver of the
Rainbow Trout
G. Flouriot, G. Salbert, F. Le Menn, C. Pelissero
and Y. Valotaire ............................ 217
Hormonal Pheromones:R ecentD evelopmentsa nd Potential Applications
in Aquaculture
N. E. Stacey,P . W. $orensena nd J. R. Cardwell ....... 227
PART 5: Molecular biologyi n aquaculture.
Molecular Biologyo f Tilapia Prolactins
J. Swennen, B. Sekkali, A. C. Poncelet, F. Rentier-Delrue,
J. A. Martial and A. Belayew .................... 241
The Isolation and Structure of Liver and G!obin Genes from Atlantic
Salmon
A. Wagner, F. Deryckere, G. Hardiman, L. Byrnes
and F. Gannon ............................. 255
Tramgenic Technologyi n Fish
D. Chourrot .............................. 275
PART 6: Toxicology.
Cellular and SubcellularT oxicity of Pollutants:P lasmaM embrane
Transport Systemsa s Targets
R. K. H. Kinne and E. Kinne-Saffran ............... 287
Effects of Detergentso n the Control of Blood Flow Through the Gills
D. McKenzie, P. Cancigliaa nd L. Bolis ............. 301
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS ........................
PREFACE
The aim of this volme is to presenta n accounto f recentp rogressin basic
researcho n animal species( mostlyf ishes)c urrentlye xploitedi n aquaculture,
insofara s this knowledgei s a sourceo f actualo r potentiala pplicationsin this
industryE. ach contributioins updatedto containt he besto f currenkt nowledge
in the field and to providea large variety of readersw ith a valuables ourceo f
information.
Aquaculturei s quickly developingw orldwide and has attractedh uge
investmentsA. s with any large-scalien dustryo pent o internationaclo mpetition,
its succesiss now closelyr elatedt o theu seo f advancedte chnologiewsh ichm ay
concerna ll aspectso f aquatica nimalb iology.F or thisr easont,h et opicsp resented
in thisc omprehensivree vieww erec hosenin ordert o covera broads pectrumo f
scientifici nterestsa nd all scaleso f study,e nvironmentatlo molecularE. nviron-
mentalf actorsc onsideredin cludes alinity,s pecifici ons,a cidity,l ight, metala nd
organicp ollutantsA. nimal physiologya ndb iochemistrayr e examinedc, overing
the functionso f nutrition,g rowth, developmenat nd reproductionw, ith heavy
emphasiosn endocrinologiccaol ntrolsa ndr esponsetso stressM. olecularb iology,
which is creatingn ew powerfult oolsi n biotechnologiesis, alsop resentedfr om
the point of view of its impacto n aquaculture.
This volme is basedo n lecturesd elivereda t the InternationalC ongresso n
Researchf or AquacultureF: undamentaal nd Applied Aspectsh, eld at Antibes-
Juan les Pins (Alpes-MaritimesF, rance), October6 -10, 1991. The Congress
representedth e 13th conferenceo f the EuropeanS ocietyf or Comparative
Physiologya nd Biochemistry(E SCPB). It would not have been possiblet o
organizes os uccessfulwlyi thoutc onsiderabsleu pporftr oml ocala uthoritieisn the
southeasotf France,e speciallyth eC onseiRl (cid:127)gionald e la R(cid:127)gionP rovence-Alpes-
C6te d'Azur (R6gionP ACA), the ConseilG 6n6ralo f the D6partemendt esA lpes-
Maritimesa nd the city of Antibes,- Juanl es Pins. The Cr&tit AgricoleB ank
providedf inancialh elp, which is alsog ratefullya cknowledgedT.h e following
public research institutionsp rovided strong encouragements,u bsidiesa nd
technicalf acilities:C entreN ationald e la RechercheS cientifique(C NRS), Institut
Franqais pour l'Exploitation Scientifiqued e la Mer (IFREMER), and the
Universityo f Nice-SophiaA ntipolisC UNSA).A larges cientificc ontributionw as
also offered by the laboratorieso f the Instimt National de la Recherche
Agronomique( INRA). Spaced oesn ot permit us to thank each of the many
personsw ho contributedso enthusiasticalilny arrangingth e scientificp rogramo r
organizingth e meetinga t all stagesW. onderfulh elp wasg enerouslpy rovidedb y
the staffso f the Laboratoired e PhysiologieC ellulairee t Compar6e(U NSA), the
Office R6gional de la Mer (PACA), the congressh all (Palaisd es Congr(cid:127)s)o f
Antibes-Juan les Pins.
B. Lahlou
P. Vitiello
o.
Coastal and Estuarine Studies Aquaculture: Fundamental and Applied Research Vol. 43
1
Acid-Base Balance in Aquatic Invertebrates:
The Effects of Environmental Factors
J.P. Truchot
In the steady state, endogenous production and external
exchanges of acidic and basic substances contribute to
the maintenance in body fluids of a given acid-base
balance usually referred to as the pH value. Keeping an
appropriate acid-base state within narrow limits is of
prime importance for many basic living processes,
especially those depending on protein conformation and
electrical charge, which are in large part determined
by the pH. Acid-base relevant mechanisms depend on
various organ functions such as respiratory gas
exchanges, ionic regulation, cell metabolism, etc..
(fig 1) , that could either be involved in the
generation of acid-base disturbances, or participate in
acid-base regulatory responses. As many of these
exchange functions are much influenced by the very
variable ambient conditions in aquatic habitats, acid-
base balance of water-dwelling invertebrates is
continuously challenged in a very intricate way by
environmental changes. For all these reasons, acid-base
variables are usually very sensitive to changes in
ambient conditions and appears thus ideally suited to
contribute to the diagnosis of any problem originating
in inadequate water quality parameters, either in the
wild or in the aquaculture practice. Using this type of
information may, however, not be an easy task. Numerous
single factor studies have been conducted in laboratory
conditions in order to describe environmentally-induced
effects on extracellular acid-base state and to
elucidate underlying physiological mechanisms. But it
Copyright American Geophysical Union
Coastal and Estuarine Studies Aquaculture: Fundamental and Applied Research Vol. 43
J.P. Truchot
should be kept in mind that many factors simultaneously
vary in natural habitats as well as in aquaculture
conditions and that the resultant modifications of
acid-base balance are not always easy to predict.
'j Temperature 'i (cid:127) Water
i ß Oxygeanv ailability
i ß Carbodni oxide
ß IonicC omposition
i' pH
ß Salinity
i ß Buffering
METABOLISM (cid:127)... ....................................................................
I Na
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram showing the effects of
various environmental factors on blood acid-base
balance in aquatic invertebrates. Blood pH is
determined by the titration state of body fluid buffers
which depends i ) on CO2 metabolic production and
elimination by gill respiratory exchanges ; ii) on
fixed acid or base (H+ OH-) endogenous generation and
external exchanges coupled with ionic gill movements.
Environmental factors affect blood pH via various
functions ß gas and ion exchange, metabolism.. etc. pH
is a controlled variable that feeds back on gill
ventilation and ion exchange to ensure acid-base
regulation.
Using mainly decapod crustaceans as model
invertebrates, this short review will summarize the
main lines of recent laboratory work on
environmentally-induced acid-base changes and show an
example of how this information can be used in
interpreting field observations.
Copyright American Geophysical Union
Coastal and Estuarine Studies Aquaculture: Fundamental and Applied Research Vol. 43
Acid-BaseB alancein AquaticI nvertebratesT:h e Effectso f EnvironmentaFla ctors
Water quality parameters ß laboratory studies.
Oxygen
Water as a respiratory medium is primarily
characterized by a very restricted oxygen availability,
due to both low 02 solubility and poor 02
diffusibility (Dejours, 1981) . As a consequence, 02
depletion resulting from either chemical or biological
oxidations, or 02 oversaturation caused by active
photosynthesis during daytime, are of common occurrence
in aquatic habitats. These changes in 02 concentration
and partial pressure may be particularly large and
rapid in small water bodies such as intertidal
rockpools (Truchot and Duhamel-Jouve, 1980) in which
various animal species can be retained several hours at
low tide.
In crustaceans as in other aquatic animals, acid-base
deviations caused by changes of water oxygenation are
mainly linked to large adjustments of the gill water
flow rate, that contribute to the maintenance of a
constant 02 uptake through a large range of ambient
Po2 . These adjustments, hyperventilation in hypoxia and
hypoventilation in hyperoxia, lead to new steady states
in metabolic CO2 excretion, with modified internal CO2
partial pressures. Thus, changes of ambient oxygen
primarily induce acid-base disturbances of respiratory
origin ß decreased Pco2 and increased pH, or hypocapnic
alkalosis in hypoxia ; and increased Pco2 and decreased
pH, or hypercapnic acidosis in hyperoxia (Truchot,
1975, 1987 ; Dejours and Beekenkamp, 1977 ; McMahon et
al., 1978 ; Toulmond and Tchernigovtzeff, 1989). At
least in the last case, however, blood pH tends to
progressively recover thanks to a rise in bicarbonate
concentration which results in a large part from a
measurable fixed acid excretion through the gills
(Truchot, 1979). In freshwater fish, and probably in
crustaceans also, such compensatory acid-base fluxes
have been shown to be coupled to gill Na+ and C1-
fluxes by yet unknown mechanisms (Wood et al., 1984 ;
Wood, 1991). Nevertheless, this indicates that some
component of gill ion exchange is responsive to acid-
base deviations and can be dynamically manipulated in
order to correct acidoses of respiratory origin. By
Copyright American Geophysical Union
Coastal and Estuarine Studies Aquaculture: Fundamental and Applied Research Vol. 43
J.P. Truchot
contrast, appropriate compensation of hypocapnic
alkalosis is not apparent during hypoxia in
crustaceans. In moderate hypoxia, the alkalosis may
even be accentuated by an increase of bicarbonate
concentration (Truchot, 1975a). Even in severe hypoxia,
another potential source of acid-base disturbance, i.e.
lactate release, surprisingly does not lead to
acidosis, probably because the excess of metabolic
protons appears buffered by carbonate stores in the
exoskeleton or elsewhere, as suggested by a strong
increase in blood calcium concentration (Lallier et
al., 1987).
Carbon dioxide.
Although resulting also mainly from biological
processes and thus being tightly linked, ambient
changes of carbon dioxide partial pressure (Pco 2) are
much less in amplitude than those of oxygen in aquatic
habitats, because of a 20-30 fold higher solubility.
Also carbonic acid buffering in carbonate-rich, hard
waters considerably limit Pco 2 changes (Dejours, 1981).
Hence, experimental data are relevant in this area
only when moderate changes of Pco2 are applied. Ambient
hypercapnia usually leads to an increased blood Pco2
and decreased pH, i.e. an hypercapnic acidosis
(Truchot, 1975b ; Conti and Toulmond, 1986) . ,Although
recent evidence indicates that some crustacean species
hyperventilate their gills when exposed to increased
ambient CO2 (Massabuau et al., 1984 ; Massabuau and
Burtin, 1985), this response usually remains moderate
(Jouve-Duhamel and Truchot, 1983) and does not result
in a marked decrease in blood-water Pco(cid:127) difference
(Truchot, 1975b) . The hypercapnic acidosis induced by
increased ambient Pco(cid:127) appears progressively
compensated with an increase in blood bicarbonate
concentration, probably by mechanisms similar to those
mentioned above in hyperoxic situations.
Although ambient hypocapnia can occur naturally, its
effect on acid-base balance has not been specifically
studied, probably because very low water Pco(cid:127) values
are difficult to obtain experimentally. Theoretical
considerations indicate that animals should become very
hypocapnic and alkalotic, particularly in carbonated
Copyright American Geophysical Union