Aquaculture BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR PDF
Preview Aquaculture BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR
A BEST MANAGEMENT quaculture PRACTICES FOR in Wisconsin and the Great Lakes Region Jeffrey A. Malison and Christopher F. Hartleb, editors A Best ManageMent quaculture Practices for in Wisconsin and the Great Lakes Region Jeffrey A. Malison and Christopher F. Hartleb, editors Acknowledgements National Sea Grant and University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute; WDATCP, especially Myron Kebus; WDNR, especially Jerry Rodenberg; WAA, especially William West; WATER Institute, especially Steven Yeo, and Midwest Partners in Amphibian and Reptile Conservation, especially Gary Casper. Copyright August 2005 Sea Grant Institute • Board of Regents • University of Wisconsin System This work was funded by the University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute under grants from the National Sea Grant College Program, National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce (grant no. NA16RG1633, Project R/AQ-37, and grant no. NA16RG2257, Project C/C-1) and from the State of Wisconsin. Sea Grant is a unique partnership with public and private sectors combining research, education, out- reach and technology transfer for public service. It is a national network of universities meeting the changing environmental and economic needs of people in our coastal, ocean and Great Lakes regions. Publication No. WISCU-H-05-001 Copy editing–Elizabeth White; Design–Tina Yao; Production–Amy Kittleson; Proofreading–Gloria Gardner Cover photos: Chris Hartleb, Jeffrey A. Malison, Myron Kebus, NASA Sea Grant University of Wisconsin ii CONTENTS 1 OvERvIEW OF AQUACULTURE AND THE NEED FOR BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES 1 Introduction 2 Aquaculture in the World Global Seafood Supply Global Seafood Demand 2 Aquaculture in the United States 3 Aquaculture in Wisconsin and the Great Lakes Region 4 Aquaculture and the Environment 4 Aquaculture Best Management Practices 2 WATER FOR AQUACULTURE 7 Water Source 8 Water volume Needed 8 Regulations on Water Use 9 Water Quality Within the System Temperature Dissolved Oxygen pH Ammonia Nitrite Nitrate Solids Carbon Dioxide Nitrogen iii 3 MANAGEMENT AND BENEFICIAL REUSE OF AQUACULTURE WASTES & EFFLUENTS 15 Overview 16 Managing Waste Output from the Uneaten Portion of Food 16 Feeding Recommendations 18 Managing Waste Output from the Eaten Portion of Food Particulate Wastes Dissolved Wastes 19 Waste Control & Management Through Feed Formulation Phosphorus Nitrogen Organic Matter 21 Beneficial Use of Fish Manure and Aquaculture Sludge Land Application Storing Fish Manure and Aquaculture Sludge Composting vermicomposting 24 vegetative Methods for Utilization of Dissolved Nutrients Aquaponics 4 AQUACULTURE FISH HEALTH 27 Overview 29 Nature of Fish Disease 29 Fish Hatchery Practices 29 Fish Health Regulations Develop a Fish Farm Health Plan Best Water Quality Results in Best Fish Health Best Nutrition Results in Best Fish Health 31 General Best Management Practices 31 Biosecurity Avoid Transferring Organisms That Cause Disease Critical Points Disinfection Recommendations Diagnosis Reducing Fish Stress Drug and Chemical Treatment iv 5 AQUACULTURE & FISH BIOLOGY, SPECIES, STRAINS, & GENETICS 35 Overview Temperature Oxygen Metabolites 38 Fish Feeding Food Conversion Ratio 39 Reproduction Age at Maturity 40 Strains and Genetics Selective Breeding Hybridization Control of Sex in Populations Triploidy Transgenic Fish 6 AQUACULTURE INTERACTIONS WITH NON-FISH SPECIES 47 Overview 48 Effects of Outdoor Culture Facilities on Other Organisms Amphibians Plants Invertebrates Reptiles Mammals Birds Other Wildlife Nuisance Control 51 Construction of New Aquaculture Facilities 51 Aquaculture Within Public Bodies of Water v 7 FLOW-THROUGH SYSTEMS 53 Overview Advantages of Flow-through Systems Disadvantages of Flow-through Systems 54 Species Selection 55 Water Source 57 Water Discharge and Solids Management 59 Site Selection and System Construction Single-Pass Raceways Floating Raceways 63 Water Quality 64 Fish Management Harvest 8 RECIRCULATING AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS 67 Overview 68 Species Selection 68 Water Source 68 Water Discharge and Solids Management 69 Site Selection and System Construction 70 Water Quality 70 Fish Management 9 POND SYSTEMS 73 Overview 74 Species Selection 75 Water Source 76 Water Discharge and Solids Management 76 Site Selection and Pond Construction Excavated Ponds Impoundments Levee vi 81 Water Quality Oxygen and Aeration Ammonia and pH Water Addition 83 Fish Management Feeding Practices Fish Diseases and Treatment Harvest 87 appendix I. GLOSSARY 90 appendix II. WISCONSIN’S GUIDELINES AND RULES 122 appendix III. FISH TOLERANCE OF SELECTED AMPHIBIANS 124 appendix IV. SELECTED REFERENCES vii 1.1 Yellow perch phenotypes. The bluish color of the fish on the bottom often results from fish eating formulated versus live feeds. Brian Sloss, UW- Stevens Point
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