Aquaculture and Fisheries Biotechnology; Genetic Approaches – CABI Publishing PDF
Preview Aquaculture and Fisheries Biotechnology; Genetic Approaches – CABI Publishing
00Aquaculture - Chap 00 Prelims 14/1/04 15:53 Page i Aquaculture and Fisheries Biotechnology Genetic Approaches 00Aquaculture - Chap 00 Prelims 14/1/04 15:53 Page ii Dedicated to Diem for the great joy and happiness you have brought me To Aubrey, Christian, Amy, Gabrielle and Sean, your great sacrifices made this possible To RO, thank you for opening the door of opportunity To Limestone-Walters Grade School – you were the foundation And to Mom and Dad, who always encouraged education 00Aquaculture - Chap 00 Prelims 14/1/04 15:53 Page iii Aquaculture and Fisheries Biotechnology Genetic Approaches Rex A. Dunham Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures Auburn University Alabama USA CABI Publishing 00Aquaculture - Chap 00 Prelims 14/1/04 15:53 Page iv CABI Publishing is a division of CAB International CABI Publishing CABI Publishing CAB International 875 Massachusetts Avenue Wallingford 7th Floor Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA02139 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 617395 4056 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 617354 6875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi-publishing.org © R.A. Dunham 2004. All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. Acatalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dunham, Rex A. Aquaculture and fisheries biotechnology : genetic approaches/Rex A. Dunham. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-85199-596-9 (alk. paper) 1. Fishes--Breeding. 2. Shellfish--Breeding. 3. Fishes--Molecular genetics. 4. Shellfish--Molecular genetics. I. Title. SH155.5.D86 2004 639.3--dc21 2003008159 ISBN 0 85199 596 9 Typeset in 9pt Palatino by Columns Design Ltd, Reading Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles Ltd, King’s Lynn 00Aquaculture - Chap 00 Prelims 14/1/04 15:53 Page v Contents Preface x Acknowledgements xi 1 History of Genetic Biotechnology in Aquaculture and Fisheries 1 2 Phenotypic Variation and Environmental Effects 7 Stocking Density and Mortality 8 Age, Temperature and Water Quality 8 Biology and Physiology 9 Maternal Effects 10 Correction of Growth Data 13 Skewness and Feeding Practices 15 Compensatory Gain 17 Communal Stocking/Evaluation 19 3 Polyploidy 22 Polyploid Induction in Fish 22 Polyploid Induction in Shellfish 26 Triploid Cells 28 Ploidy Determination 28 Triploid Fish Performance 30 Growth 30 Feed conversion and consumption 32 Morphology, meristics and identification 33 Carcass traits and flesh quality 33 Survival 35 Tolerance of low oxygen 36 Disease resistance 38 Reproduction 38 Embryonic development 41 Sex ratio 41 Hybrid viability 41 Heterozygosity in triploids 43 Behaviour 43 Invertebrate Triploid Performance 43 Growth 43 Energy storage and bioenergetics 44 Survival and disease resistance 45 Reproduction 45 v 00Aquaculture - Chap 00 Prelims 14/1/04 15:53 Page vi vi Contents Reversion to diploidy 46 Sex ratio 47 Flesh quality 47 Tetraploids 47 Tetraploid induction 48 Fertility and performance 48 Hexaploid Fish 50 Tetraploid Shellfish 50 Limitations and Constraints 50 Fisheries Management Applications 51 Environmental Protection 52 Conclusions 52 4 Gynogenesis, Androgenesis, Cloned Populations and Nuclear Transplantation 54 Induction of Gynogenesis and Androgenesis 54 Performance of Gynogens and Androgens 57 Reproduction 57 Monosex Populations 58 Cloned Populations 59 Phenotypic variability 59 Regeneration of genetic variation in salmonids 60 Growth 60 Disease resistance 60 Clonal hybrids 61 Nuclear Transplantation – Nucleocytoplasmic Hybrids 61 5 Sex Reversal and Breeding 65 Sexual Dimorphism 66 Chemical and Mechanical Sterilization 68 Hormonal Sex Reversal 71 Anabolic Effect 73 Health Issues 74 Sex Reversal and Breeding 74 All-female XX systems 75 All-male ZZ systems 78 All-male YYsystems 79 Genetics of Sex Determination 79 Effects of temperature 82 Genetics of temperature effects on sex determination 82 YYsystem in channel catfish 83 Constraints and Sex Markers 83 6 Biochemical and Molecular Markers 85 Isozymes and Enzymes 85 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism 88 Mitochondrial DNA 89 Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA 90 Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism 92 Microsatellites 97 Expressed Sequence Tags 99 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms 100 Relative Costs of Different Markers 100 Relative Effectiveness of Markers 101 00Aquaculture - Chap 00 Prelims 14/1/04 15:53 Page vii Contents vii 7 Population Genetics and Interactions of Hatchery and Wild Fish 104 Genetic Variation, Population Structure and Biodiversity 104 Effects of Geography and Environment on Population Variation 109 Factors Affecting the Establishment of New Genotypes in Established Natural Populations 112 Interspecific Hybridization 113 Interactions between Domestic and Wild Fish 115 Integrated Management Strategy 120 8 Gene Mapping, Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping and Marker-assisted Selection 122 Choice of Markers 122 Mapping Systems 123 Linkage Disequilibrium 124 Isozyme Maps 124 DNAMarkers and Maps 129 The Major Histocompatibility Complex and Oncogenes 133 Effects of Karyotypes, Clustering and Distortion 133 QTLMapping 135 QTLmarkers in agriculture 136 QTLs of aquatic organisms 137 Marker-assisted Selection 139 Marker-assisted selection in agriculture 139 Marker-assisted selection in fish 140 9 Gene Expression, Isolation and Cloning 141 Gene Expression and Expressed Sequence Tags 141 Growth 143 Ovulation and Reproduction 146 Diseases 148 Brain 150 Cold Tolerance 151 Osmoregulation 152 Genetic Imprinting and Paternal Predominance 152 Transposable Elements 153 Ribosomes 156 Proteomics 159 10 Gene-transfer Technology 160 Gene-transfer Technique in Fish 161 Promoters 164 Integration 166 Transmission of Transgenes 169 Transgene Expression of Growth-hormone and Reporter Genes 169 Performance of Transgenic Fish 172 Growth 172 Dramatic growth of transgenic fish: explanations and limitations 177 Cold tolerance 179 Disease resistance 179 Transgenic Production of Pharmaceuticals 181 Gene Knockout Technology 181 Pleiotropic Effects of Transferred Genes 184 Potential Role of Mitochondrial DNAin Gene Transfer 190 00Aquaculture - Chap 00 Prelims 14/1/04 15:53 Page viii viii Contents 11 Combining Genetic Enhancement Programmes 193 Sex Reversal and Triploidy 194 Genetic Engineering and Crossbreeding 194 Genetic Engineering, Selection, Crossbreeding, Strains and Hybrids 194 Selection, Crossbreeding and Sex Reversal 194 Gynogenesis, Selection and Hybridization 195 12 Genotype–Environment Interactions 198 Traditional Breeding 199 Polyploidy and Transgenics 200 13 Environmental Risk of Aquatic Organisms from Genetic Biotechnology 203 Theoretical Risks 203 Environmental Risk Data on Transgenic Fish 207 Common Goals of Aquaculture and Genetic Conservation 211 Genetic Sterilization 211 14 Food Safety of Transgenic Aquatic Organisms 219 International Guidelines 220 Labelling 220 15 ACase Example: Safety of Consumption of Transgenic Salmon Potentially Containing Elevated Levels of Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factor 222 Growth Hormone/Salmonid Growth Hormone 222 IGF/Salmonid IGF 223 GH Levels in Non-transgenic Salmon and Fish 224 IGF Levels in Non-transgenic Salmon and Fish 224 GH Levels in Transgenic Salmon and Fish 225 IGF Levels in Transgenic Salmon and Fish 226 GH and IGF Levels in Humans 226 GH and IGF Levels in Mammals 226 Bioavailability of sGH and sIGF in the Upper GI Tract 226 Dosage from Consumption 229 Bioactivity of Salmon/Non-primate GH in Humans 230 Bioactivity of Fish IGF 231 Explanation for Primate Specificity for GH Bioactivity 231 Potential Toxic Effects of GH/IGF and Food Safety 233 Studies on Transgenic GH Fish Food Safety 233 Conclusions on Human Food Safety 234 16 Government Regulation of Transgenic Fish 235 US Performance Standards 237 International Performance Standards 238 Canada 239 United Kingdom 239 Nomenclature 240 International Trade 241 Intellectual Property Rights 242 17 Commercial Application of Fish Biotechnology 244 Polyploidy 244 Sex Reversal and Breeding 245 Genetic Engineering 246 00Aquaculture - Chap 00 Prelims 14/1/04 15:53 Page ix Contents ix 18 Strategies for Genetic Conservation, Gene Banking and Maintaining Genetic Quality 248 Population Size, Inbreeding and Maintenance of Genetic Quality 248 Genetic Conservation 253 19 Constraints and Limitations of Genetic Biotechnology 255 Research Issues 255 General Recommendations 255 Development Issues 256 Biodiversity Issues 256 Political Issues 256 Economic Issues 256 Glossary 258 References and Further Reading 288 Index 367
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