Table Of Content

Aquaculture and Fisheries Biotechnology: Genetic Approaches, 2nd Edition This page intentionally left blank Aquaculture and Fisheries Biotechnology: Genetic Approaches, 2nd Edition Rex A. Dunham Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures Auburn University Alabama USA CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI CABI Nosworthy Way 875 Massachusetts Avenue Wallingford 7th Floor Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 617 395 4056 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 617 354 6875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org © CAB International 2011. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, m echanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dunham, Rex A. Aquaculture and fi sheries biotechnology: genetic approaches / Rex A. Dunham. – 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-84593-651-8 (alk. paper) 1. Fishes--Breeding. 2. Shellfi sh--Breeding. 3. Fishes--Molecular genetics. 4. Shellfi sh--Molecular genetics. I. Title. SH155.5.D86 2011 639.3--dc22 2011003482 ISBN-13: 978 1 84593 651 8 CABI South Asia Edition ISBN: 978 1 84593 868 0 Commissioning Editor: Rachel Cutts Editorial Assistant: Gwenan Spearing Production Editor: Simon Hill Typeset by AMA DataSet, Preston, UK. Printed and bound in the UK by MPG Books Group. Dedicated to Petrcyle (Azset) – akong usa ka lawasnon, gihigugma ko ikaw hangtod sa hangtod Aubrey, Nick and Julian; Christian, Nicole and Aaliyah; Amy; Gabrielle; Sean; and Jeef – proof that genes work Carol Jean – our Saint Mom – enduring and loving Scott, Earl and Dixie – educators all Terry Abella – a true friend The Dunham and Gealon families In memory of my Dad Richard Vincent (Dick) Dunham December 1, 1919–August 11, 1971 This page intentionally left blank Contents 1. History of Biotechnology, Genetics and Selective Breeding in Aquaculture and Fisheries 1 2. Phenotypic Variation and Environmental Effects 8 3. Basic Genetics, Qualitative Traits and Selection for Qualitative Traits 23 4. Strain Evaluation, Domestication and Strain Selection 33 5. Population Size, Inbreeding, Random Genetic Drift and Maintenance of Genetic Quality 37 6. Gynogenesis, Androgenesis, Cloned Populations and Nuclear Transplantation 47 7. Intraspecifi c Crossbreeding 58 8. Interspecifi c Hybridization 65 9. Selection and Correlated Responses to Selection 73 10. Polyploidy and Xenogenesis 93 11. Sex Reversal and Breeding 128 12. B iochemical and Molecular Markers 150 13. Population Genetics and Interactions of Hatchery and Wild Fish 170 14. G enomics, Gene Mapping, Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping and Marker-assisted Selection 190 15. Gene Expression 215 vii viii Contents 16. Gene-transfer Technology 240 17. Combining Genetic Enhancement Programmes 278 18. Genotype–Environment Interactions 283 19. Commercial Application of Fish Biotechnology 288 20. Environmental Risk of Aquatic Organisms from Genetic Biotechnology 293 21. Food Safety of Transgenic Aquatic Organisms 311 22. A Case Example: Safety of Consumption of Transgenic Salmon Potentially Containing Elevated Levels of Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factor 315 23. Government Regulation of Transgenic Fish and Biotechnology Products 329 24. S trategies for Genetic Conservation, Gene Banking and Maintaining Genetic Quality 339 25. Ethics 341 26. Constraints and Limitations of Genetic Biotechnology 344 Glossary 347 References and Further Reading 387 Index 481 1 History of Biotechnology, Genetics and Selective Breeding in Aquaculture and Fisheries Aquaculture is an ancient form of farming importance. Genetic variation is one key dating back 2000 years or more in China variable in the survival of various species. and to the Roman Empire (Balon, 1995; Also, natural populations are perhaps the Dunham et al., 2001). However, only in the best gene banks, a critical resource for last few decades has aquaculture grown into genetic variation for current and future a global practice resulting in tremendous application in genetic improvement for worldwide production. Aquaculture pro- farmed species and specialized sport-fi sh duction has enlarged dramatically since the applications. early 1980s, and will become increasingly Recreational fi shing is also of great important as demand for fi sh products importance in many countries. When the increases, world harvest by capture fi sher- revenue from the fi sh, licences, fi shing ies reaches a plateau or declines and human equip ment, boats, travel, food and lodging population numbers expand. Aquaculture is considered, recreational fi shing is proba- now accounts for 50% of global fi sh con- bly more than tenfold more important eco- sumption (FAO, 2009). The biomass of fi sh nomically than aquaculture in the USA. that can be prod uced per surface area is Biotechnology is permanently linked not much greater than that for terrestrial ani- only to aquacul ture, but also to commercial mals, indicating that aquaculture could be and recreational fi sheries because of its the key for providing global food security. potential positive and negative impacts on Humans were hunter–gatherers prior to these resources. being farmers and fi shermen before they Currently, the quantity of animal protein were aquaculturalists. Although aquacul- harvested from global aquatic sources via the ture is growing in importance and must capture of natural fi sh populations is at maxi- expand to meet future demand for fi sh prod- mum sustainable yield. Many major fi sh ucts, commercial harvest of natural popula- stocks are showing precipitous declines in tions has traditionally been of higher productivity due to overfi shing and further economic value than aquaculture and will increases are not anticipated under the cur- continue to be of great importance. Even as rent global conditions and environment. aquaculture closes the gap or surpasses the Wild fi sh stocks have been heavily fi shed or value of commercial fi sheries, the genetic overfi shed, which has resulted in a noticeable management and conservation of natural levelling of fi sh landings at around 60 million fi sh stocks and gene pools will be of great t, with harvest from oceans unlikely to © R.A. Dunham 2011. Aquaculture and Fisheries Biotechnology: Genetic Approaches, 2nd Edition (R.A. Dunham) 1