Aquaculture and capture fisheries

252 Pages·2012·15.56 MB·English

AQUACULTURE AND CAPTURE
FISHERIES.
IMPACTS IN SEAFOOD MARKETS
U.S.
^^^''^0.;:
Report Prepared Pursuant To
The National Aquaculture Improvement Act of
(P.L. 99-198)
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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
U.S.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
National Marine Fisheries Service
Washington, D.C.
April 1988
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2012 with funding from
LYRASIS IVIembers and Sloan Foundation
http://archive.org/details/aquaculturecaptuOOunit
AQUACULTURE AND CAPTURE FISHERIES:
IMPACTS IN U.S. SEAFOOD MARKETS
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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
U.S.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
National Marine Fisheries Service
Washington, D.C.
April 1988

The objective of the National Aquaculture Improvement Act of 1985 was to
stimulate development of a domestic aquaculture industry. Expectations were
that the Act would help create newjobs, replenish depleted fisheries, and re-
duce the trade deficit in fishery products.
However, there were concerns marine aquaculture could affect certain tradi-
tional capture fisheries in the United States. Thus, an amendment to the Na-
tional Aquaculture Act of 1980 (renamed the National Aquaculture Improve-
ment Act of 1985) requires the Secretary of Commerce to conduct a study on
competition between aquaculture products and capture or "wild" fisheries and
to recommend measures to ameliorate any such adverse effects.
This study was undertaken to comply with the Congressional request. Accord-
ingly, the study examines U.S. seafood markets that are supplied with prod-
ucts from commercial capture fisheries and aquaculture enterprises (domestic
and foreign). The report focuses on salmon and shrimp which are the most
important fisheries in the United States supplied by capture fisheries and
aquaculture.
The world aquaculture industry is in a period of dynamic growth. Aquaculture
production estimates reported by the National Marine Fisheries Service in 1985
in its study 'The Outlook for Salmon and Shrimp Aquaculture Products in
World Markets" and revised in this study, have been increased by as much as
100 percent. The business opportunities for capture and aquaculture products
are expected to change in the next few years as economic and environmental
conditions, and government trade and financial assistance policies affect inter-
national seafood markets. Therefore, the estimates and findings in this report
will become outdated because of the influence of subsequent events.
Chapter I describes the economics of aquaculture. This chapter shows in theo-
retical terms, but in lajnnan's language, how capture fishery products and
aquaculture may interact in a market.
Chapters II and III, respectively, examine the size of U.S. salmon and shrimp
markets and look at the sources of supply. These chapters contain the sum-
mary production estimates of aquaculture operations here and abroad.
Chapters IV - VII describe aquaculture operations in the United States focusing
on marine species. Appendices I and II provide detailed summaries of salmon
and shrimp aquaculture operations outside the United States. These sections
rely heavily on reports from U.S. embassies and consulates. Appendix III re-
views some of the Federal statutes controlling the siting and permitting of
marine aquaculture operations in the United States.
The report v/as prepared by staff of the National Marine Fisheries Service in
Washington, D.C. and field offices, under the direction of Robert A. Siegel. The
Summary section and Chapters I - III were prepared by Douglas W. Lipton and
Robert A. Siegel of the National Economics Staff, with assistance from Sennen
S. Salapare from the Office ofTrade Services.
Chapter TV was written by Dale Squires of the NMFS Southwest Fisheries Cen-
ter. Chapter V was written by staff of the Northwest Fisheries Center and
Northwest Regional Office, respectively. Staff of the Alaska Regional Office
consisting of Lewis Queirolo, Aven Andersen, Jim Brooks, Tamra Faris, William
Heard, Janet Smoker, and John Hamilton wrote Chapter VI and Appendix
III.
Kenneth L. Beal ofthe Northeast Regional Office prepared Chapter VII. James
P. McVey of NOAA's National Sea Grant College Program wrote Chapter VIII.
The NMFS Fisheries Analysis Branch, under the direction ofMilan Kravanja,
prepared Appendices and Appendix was written by William Folsom, with
I II. I
assistance from Michelle Miller. Appendix II was coauthored by Dennis Weid-
ner and Paul Niemeier.
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DEFmiTIONS
Salmon aquaculture is the partial or complete cultivation of the species
in hatcheries or the sea. It includes at least two different processes: pen-
farming and ocean-ranching. Pen-farming is the commercial production
to marketable size in total capitivity. Ocean-ranching is the private or
government production of salmon in captivity to a certain stage at which
it is released into the wild.
Shrimp aquaculture is the production of shrimp involving control of one
or more phases of their biological cycle and/or control of the environment
in which they develop. Management system^s may be extensive such as
large seminatural or natural marsh impoundments or rice fields (low
stocking rates and little or no feeding or water exchange), semi-intensive
such as large drainable ponds (medium stocking, feeding and water ex-
change), and intensive such as small, totally controllable ponds (high
stocking rates, water circulation/exchange, and nutritionally complete
diets). Indoor raceways would exhibit the highest degree of technology
with control ofnutrition and environmental requirements for year-round
growth.
Ill
CONTENTS
PREFACE
SUMMARY
Vll
CHAPTER THE ECONOMICS OF AQUACULTURE AND
I 1
CAPTURE FISHERIES
Introduction 1
Theory and Nature of Seafood Markets 2
Role of Imports in the U.S. Market 4
Summary 7
Technical Notes 7
CHAPTER SALMON MARKETS: DEMAND FOR
II U.S. 11
WILD AND CULTURED PRODUCTS
World Salmon Production 12
U.S. Salmon Landings 18
Salmon Imports 19
Are Atlantic and Pacific Salmon 22
Substitutes?
Tariff/Trade Barriers Affecting 24
Salmon Products
Foreign Salmon Markets for U.S. 25
Salmon Products
CHAPTER SHRIMP PRODUCTION: CAPTURE 29
III
FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE
World Production Trends 29
U.S. Shrimp Landings 31
Potential Aquaculture Production 32
Seasonality of U.S. Landings 32
and Imports
Tariff/Trade Barriers 36
IV
CHAPTER rV Marine Aquaculture in California 39
and Hawaii
Introduction 39
Hawaii 39
California 40
CHAPTER V Aquaculture in the Pacific 41
Northwest
Introduction 41
Salmon Sea Pianching 41
Salmon Farming 43
Technology for Salmon Farming 44
Problems and Concerns 46
CHAPTER VI Aquaculture in Alaska 51
Introduction 51
Commercial Pen-Rearing of Salmon: 51
Economic and Social Issues
Ocean Ranching 54
Pen Culture Technology 54
State Regulations 55
CHAPTER VII AQUACULTURE IN THE NORTHEAST 61
Introduction 61
Current Production 61
Planned Production 61
State Regulations 62
Federal Regulations 62
Industry Concerns 62
Environmental Issues 63
Aquaculture Capital Costs < 63
CHAPTER VIII AQUACULTURE IN THE SOUTHEAST 67
Introduction 67
Current Production of Shrimp 68
Species 69
Planned Production 69
State and Federal Regulations 69
State and Federal Support 70
ofAquaculture
Summary 70
APPENDIX WORLD SALMON AQUACULTURE 73
I
APPENDIX II SHRIMP AQUACULTURE IN LATIN AMERICA 109
APPENDIX III SHRIMP AQUACULTURE IN ASIA, AFRICA, 179
AND EUROPE
APPENDIX IV FEDERAL REGULATIONS 223
APPENDIX V FOOTNOTES AND SOURCES 225
VI