Aquacultural research in Asia: management techniques and nutrition

275 Pages·2014·9.5 MB·English

Aquacultural research
in Asia: management
techniques and nutrition
Proceedings of the Asian seminar on aquaculture organized by IFS, Mâlang, Indonesia,
14-18 November 1988
E.A. Huisman, N. Zonneveld & A.H.M. Bouwmans (Editors)
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Pudoc Wageningen 1989
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CIP data, Royal Netherlands Library, The Hague
Aquacultural research in Asia: management techniques and nutrition. Proceedings of the
Asian seminar on aquaculture organized by IFS, Malang. Indonesia, 14-18 November
1988. / E. A. Huisman, N. Zonneveld & A.H.M. Bouwmans (Editors). - Wageningen:
Pudoc. - 275 pp.: ill.; ref.
ISBN 90-220-0994-7
NUGI 835
© Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, Pudoc Wageningen,
Netherlands, 1989
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BIBLIOTHEEK'
LAxNDBOUWUNIVERSnEEQ
WAGENINGEN
Contents
Foreword
Jaan Tear, Director International Foundation for Science
Opening Address
R. Soeprapto, Director General of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Republic of Indonesia 2
Drs. Masduki, Deputy-Governor of East Java Province 4
Drs.A. Arifin Achmady MPA, Rector of Brawijaya University 6
Dr.C.-H. Schiel, President of the International Foundation for Science (IFS) 7
T.A. Abella & M.N. Batao, Broodstock exchange technique for maximum production
of Oreochromis niloticus egg and fry in hapas 9
M. Ahmad & T. Dahril, The production of Nile Tilapia {Oreochromis niloticus L.)
reared in floating cages in the Kampar river 19
A.B. Ali, Ecological principles of the rice-cum-Esh farming system 24
,. I. Andarias, The effect of urea and triple superphosphate fertilizers on standing crop
and chlorophyll content of klekap 36
K.J. Ang, A.T. Law & S.H. Cheah, Nutrition and culture of the giant gourami
(Osphronemus goramy, Lacepede) in floating net cages 46
E.M. Avila, Food consumption of seaperch, hates calcarifer, in captivity 57
S.K.Banerjee & A. Chattopadhyay, Culture of Clarias batrachus (Linn.) in Indian swamps:
effects of varying nutritional and biochemical parameters and influence of vitamin A supplementation 62
T.E. Chua, S.K. Teng & P.E. Lim, Use of growth promoting substances in enhancing yield of
estuary grouper (Epinephelus salmoides Maxwell) in floating cages 71
B.A. Costa-Pierce, H.Y. Hadikusumah & Y. Dhahiyat, Tilapia {Oreochromis sp.) and carp
(Cyprinus carpio) production in cage systems in West Java, Indonesia 84
CR. delà Cruz, Fingerling production trials in rice fields in North Sumatra, Indonesia 97
T. Dahril & M. Ahmad, The growth of "ikan lemak", (Leptobarbus hoeveni Blkr) receiving
a pelleted supplemental feed and human excreta in floating cages 110
U. Edirisinghe, Effect of 'Veluwe' ducks on Oreochromis niloticus recruitment under
extensive fish culture conditions 116
R.D. Guerrero III & L.A. Guerrero, Use of Denis root powder for management of freshwater ponds 121
M.R. Hasan, M.G.M. Alam & M.A. Islam, Evaluation of some indigenous ingredients as
dietary protein sources for catfish (Clarias batrachus, Linnaeus) fry 125
E.A. Huisman, Aquacultural research as a tool in international assistance 138
M.S. Khan, Food and feeding biology of a Malaysian freshwater catfish, Mystus nemurus C.& V.
with reference to physico- chemical parameters of its natural habitat, Chenderoh reservoir 148
M.S. Khan, Potential of finfish production in Malaysia 157
L.P. Libuano, A goat-fish integrated farming system in the Philippines: effects of stocking
densities and goat manure loading rates on the yield of Oreochromis niloticus 160
V.B. Manzano, Polyculture of grouper (Epinephelus tauvina) and Tilapia
{Oreochromis mossambicus) in brackishwater ponds 171
A J. Matty, The feeding and metabolism of carbohydrates in warm water fish 182
N. Murugan, The mass culture of a cladoceran, Daphnia carinata (King), for use as food
in aquaculture 190
M.C. Nandeesha & K. Gopel Rao, Recent developments in carp culture technology in India with
special reference to the State of Andhra Pradesh 203
M.C. Nandeesha, G.K. Srikanth, T.J. Varghese, P. Keshavanath & H.P.C. Shetty, Influence of silkworm
pupa based diets on growth, organoleptic quality and biochemical composition of Catla-Rohu hybrid 211
S. Nurdin & S. Siregar, The effect of soil composition on the growth of the natural food "klekap" 222
F. Piedad-Pascual, The effect of various levels of protein, fat, carbohydrates and energy on growth,
survival and body composition of Chanos chanos fingerlings 228
M. Siagian & S. Siregar, The effects of petroleum crude oil on the growth of common carp
(Cyprinus carpio L.) 237
K.H.G.M. De Silva, Cheap sources of alternate feed for the farming of snakehead fish
(Teleostei:Channidae) in Sri Lanka 241
G.K. Srikanth, M.S. Nandeesha, P. Kesavanath, T.J. Varghese, H.P.C.Shetty & N. Basavaraja,
On the applicability of a mixed feeding schedule for common carp, Cyprinus carpio
Var. Communis 254
M.J.S. Wijeyaratne, Food intake and food conversion efficiency of the snakehead
Ociocephalus striatus Bloch in a peaty swamp in Sri Lanka 261
List of participants 268
FOREWORD
Aquaculture has been recognized by the International Founda
tion for Science (IFS) as a promising area for multi-discipli
nary and inter-disciplinary scientific research and since its
inception in 1972 the Foundation has given 228 aquaculture
research grants to young scientists in over 50 countries.
The workshop held at the Brawijaya University in Malang, East
Java, Indonesia, in November 1988 was the 7th organized by the
IFS for its aquaculture scientists.
The IFS would like to thank the Indonesian Government (LIPI)
and the local Organizing Committee from the Brawijaya Univer
sity for their invaluable support.
Sincere thanks are also due to the IFS scientific advisors who
attended and contributed substantially to the Malang workshop:
Dr. Chua Thia-Eng, Philippines; Dr Barry A. Costa-Pierce,
Indonesia; Dr Rafael D. Guerrero III, Philippines; Professor
A.J. Matty, United Kingdom, and Professor E.A. Huisman and Ir
N. Zonneveld, The Netherlands.
The proceedings of this workshop are contained in this
volume which is the 3rd in a series on Aquaculture Research
published by Pudoc Press, Aquaculture Research in the African
respectively the Latin American Region being the first
respectively the second volume in this series, published in
1986 and 1987.
A special word of thanks goes to Professor E.A. Huisman, Ir
N. Zonneveld and Mrs A.H.M. Bouwmans for editing all the
papers and for - once again - arranging with Pudoc Press for
publication. Our thanks also go to Mr W. Heije, who redrew all
the figures as he did also for the two previous volumes.
Nonetheless, IFS wants to express its greatest gratitude to
the IFS grantees themselves for attending the workshop, for
discussing their research results and - in that way - for
their contribution to this volume.
June 1989 Jaan Tear
Director
International Foundation for Science
Opening address by the Director General of Fisheries,
R. Soeprapto, Ministry of Agriculture, Republic of Indonesia
Distinguished Participants and Guests,
Ladies and Gentlemen,
It is a great pleasure for me to share with the Governor of
East Java in welcoming you to Malang, Indonesia, and to the
IFS (International Foundation for Science) Workshop on Fish
Culture Management Techniques and Nutrition.
I do believe that the workshop which is sponsored by the
University of Brawijaya in collaboration with the Internatio
nal Foundation for Science (IFS) is a very auspicious occasion
to discuss growth and progress achieved and problems en
countered in the aquacultural industry in the respective
countries. I feel particularly honoured to be present, because
I shall be able to share experiences and to learn from other
countries, which will certainly be useful for the development
of aquaculture in Indonesia.
Ladies and Gentlemen,
Aquaculture in Indonesia progressed and plays an important
role, particularly in supporting rural economy and in increas
ing foreign exchange earnings from the non-oil commodities.
The contribution of aquaculture to the overall fish production
is very much less than that from capture fisheries, however,
its contribution in terms of value and socio-economic benefits
to the rural and coastal communities is becoming increasingly
significant. Moreover, recent developments in shrimp culture
have increased significantly foreign exchange earnings from
the fisheries sector.
In Indonesia, the average annual fish consumption is still
relatively low (15 kg/caput/year in 1987). It is obvious, that
there is an urgent need to increase fish supply, especially
for rural people. The Government of Indonesia is, therefore,
placing greater emphasis on aquaculture development.
During the last four years the production of aquaculture in
Indonesia has increased with an average of 9.2 percent per
annum. Its total production in 1987 attained about 362,800
metric tons, of which 176,600 metric tons from freshwater
culture and 186,200 metric tons from brackishwater culture.
During the same period shrimp culture production increased
with an average of 18.6 percent per annum, i.e. an increase
from 32,000 metric tons in 1984 to 53,240 metric tons in 1987.
In terms of foreign exchange earnings, the export value of
fisheries products also increased significantly and amounted
to US $ 475.2 million in 1987, of which US $ 252.4 million or
74.2 percent was contributed by shrimp. Thereby export value
increased with an average of 24.2 percent per annum since
1984.
Ladies and Gentlemen,
Aquaculture development can be accelerated by the applicar
tion of new or improved technologies derived from intensive
research, which makes aquaculture a more cost-effective under
taking. We have observed over the years the progress and
growth of the aquaculture industry. It evolves from extensive
culture systems to increasingly intensive ones, towards the
era of a science based aquaculture industry, which should be
backed up by several disciplinary programmes in the fields of
fish nutrition, fish diseases and parasites, fish genetics,
socio-economics and other essential areas.
A strong and well founded aquaculture industry, therefore,
can only be established on a solid basis of knowledge accumu
lated through scientific research and experimentation. I feel
particularly happy to learn that this workshop will discuss
those essential areas required.
I understand that different countries may be at a different
level of aquaculture development, and that many countries
still face various constraints in this respect, such as lack
of facilities and skilled manpower required to carry^out those
essential activities.
In this respect, exchange of information among scientists
working in universities, government institutions, private
institutions and aquaculture industries is quite needed.
Collaboration among participating countries to share the
responsibilities of research, training and information
exchange would be an effective way of expanding aquaculture
development. I am confident that this Workshop on Fish Culture
Management Techniques and Nutrition will contribute by
generating ideas which are useful in building a strong and
resilient aquaculture.
Finally, I would like to express my gratitude for this
excellent opportunity to share with you some of my thoughts on
the development of aquaculture. I hope that you will have a
successful and fruitful discussion during your delibirations
and I wish you all a pleasant stay in Malang, Indonesia.
Thank you.
Welcome address from the Governor of East Java Province,
Mr.Soelarso, delivered by the Deputy-Governor Drs.Masduki
Mr. Director-General of Fisheries,
Mr. President of the International Foundation for Science,
Rector of the Brawijaya University,
Participants of the Workshop,
Distinguished Guests,
Ladies and Gentlemen,
First of all allow me to extend my congratulations and my
great appreciation on the occasion of the opening of the
workshop on Fish Culture Management Techniques and Nutrition,
and on choosing Malang as the place of this Workshop.
The Indonesian Archipelago stretches over almost 5,000 km from
the Asian Mainland into the Pacific Ocean like a string of
jewels in a coral sea with more than 1,300 islands, whereas
East Java is one of the twenty-seven provinces.
I am very proud and delighted that this distinguished
meeting is held at the Brawijaya University in cooperation
with the International Foundation for Science. I do hope that
this meeting will prove very useful for the participants in
increasing their managerial and technological skills, since it
provides an excellent opportunity to exchange expertise and
experiences in fish culture and related subjects.
In East Java Province inland fish culture is developed in
wet rice-fields, ponds and pools. During the last ten years
the productivity has increased from 16,036 tonnes to 36,191
tonnes. The fish pond area increased from 44,500 ha to 48,500
ha and at present amounts to some 22,5 % of the total fish
pond area in Indonesia.
Many species are in cultivation such as milkfish, penaeid
shrimps and many other fresh water fish species.
It is very significant that in East Java shrimp cultivation
nowadays developes very rapidly. This is achieved through
introduction of technological intensification of culture
systems encouraged by the the Government, because shrimp have
great potential as export commodities. In the past, the shrimp
production was very low, because of the traditional culture
systems and merely relied on catch from the sea. However,
since the operation of trawls is not allowed anymore the
Government encourages its cultivation.
Participants, Ladies and Gentlemen,
To increase fish productivity the Government has built pilot
projects for intensification of pond culture systems with
emphasis on fish nutrition, fish health control and water
management, in order to supply sufficient good quality fish
for human consumption. At present, the Government and the
private sector have managed to build many hatcheries.
The fish culture production in irrigated rice fields and other
fish pools in East Java has reached 24,004 tonnes or 10.5 %
from the total fish production. Fish ponds have been con
structed at small scale and spread all over the province
especially in areas with an elevation of 450 m to 800 m above
sea level. There are many species under cultivation and much
progress has been made but still our prime concern is quality
of the fish as well as the fish health control aspect.
In rice-cum-fish culture - be it concomitently or alternat
ing - high mortalities and both quantitative and qualitative
water problems are faced.
Apart from the fish culture activities, I want to stress that
East Java also avails over about 36,100 ha of lakes, rivers,
swamps, water reservoirs and dams, which can be utilized for
capture fisheries.
Participants, Ladies and Gentlemen,
The Government has many programs for intensification and
extensification, developing hatcheries, disseminating informa
tion and research in cooperation with Universities.
Notwithstanding our vast resources we still face problems,
and, therefore, this scientific workshop is very important
because here we have the opportunity to exchange experiences
and to formulate possible solutions for these problems.
Furthermore we expect that this workshop will be of much
benefit to all participants as well as to the fishery sector
in Indonesia, and East Java in particular.
At last, I wish you all the best and an enjoyable stay in
East Java!
Thank you.
Welcome address by the Rector of Brawijaya University,
Drs. Z. Arifin Achmady MPA
Distinguished Guests,
Participants,
Ladies and Gentlemen,
It is my great pleasure to welcome you to the Campus of
Brawijaya University for the Workshop on Fish Culture Manage
ment Techniques and Nutrition. I was honoured to have been
trusted as host for conducting this workshop. Hence, I wish to
express my deep appreciation that this workshop of the
International Foundation for Science could be held in Malang.
During the last few years, the role of fish culture in
Indonesia has increased considerably. Due to the available
resources and the government support in enhancing production,
a considerable increase in national export of fishery com
modities contributing significantly to the foreign exchange
earnings of this country has been achieved. We learn that fish
culture has some advantages over capture fisheries from the
sea. It can be carried out in areas which are not suitable for
agricultural practices, both under - more or less - natural
conditions and under environmentally controlled conditions.
Through controlled production, fish farmers can garantee
quality and quantity of their production and are able to
supply the markets when natural supplies are seasonally low or
not available. Fish culture as part of the fisheries sub-
sector also plays an important role in providing employment
opportunities.
Nevertheless, the production of fishermen and fish farmers is
still lower than that of other sectors like agriculture.
It is anticipated that fish culture development can be
enhanced through knowledge transfer and technological improve
ment. Therefore, fundamental and applied research in fish
culture technology are of utmost importance for Indonesia to
reap the benefits of its vast aquacultural resource potential.
I hope that this workshop provides an excellent forum to all
participants, representing so many countries, to exchange
information and ideas about their respective research fields,
in particular the fields of fish culture management techniques
and fish nutrition.
Furthermore, I hope that this workshop encourages the develop
ment of the Faculty of Fisheries of Brawijaya University,
which is relatively young but noted a remarkable progress in
terms of facilities and activities.
I trust that your discussions and deliberations will be
interesting and rewarding, and that your stay with us will be
enjoyable. I hope you will have fruitful discussions and
arrive at a meaningful contribution to the society as a whole,
and the fish farmers community in particular.
Thank you.