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AQA Physics 2nd Edition A LEVEL OXFORD OXFORD Acknowledgements The author wishes to acknowledge the active support. advice UNIVERSITY PRESS and contributions he has received from Marie Breithaupt. Janet Great Clarendon Street. Oxford, OX2 6DP. United Kingdom Custard and Patrick Organ and from Sze-Kie Ho and Alison Schrecker and their colleagues at OUP. Oxford University Press is a department ofthe Universicy of Oxford.It furthers the Universicy's objective ofexcellence in The publishers would like to thank the following for research, scholarship. and education by publishing worldwide. permission to reproduce photographs. Oxford is a registered trade mark ofOxford Universicy Press in p.4: Drs A. Yazdani & D.J. 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This student book contains summaries of the Year 2 options. The full options are available on Kerboodle with supporting material. Year 2 content 6 Further mechanics and thermal physics 7 Fields 8 Nuclear physics Plus one option from the following: E cu • Astrophysics )( • Medical physics Cl) • Engineering physics Cl) > • Turning points in physics -Cl) • Electronics ~ ALevel exams will cover content from Year 1 and Year 2 and will be at a higher demand than the AS exams. You will also carry out practical activities throughout your course. gurufiStockphoto: p436-437: RelaxFoto.de/iStockphoto: p439: Artwork by Q2A Media Science Photo Library; p441: Georgios Kollidas{Shutterstock; Although we have made every effort to trace and contact all p442(L): Science Photo Library: p442(R): Science Photo Library; copyright holders before publication this has not been possible p449: Martyn F. Chillmaid{Science Photo Library; p459(T): Ria in all cases. 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Chillmaid{Science Photo Library; How to use this book vi Kerboodle ix Skills for starting AS and A Level Physics xii Section 1 4.6 More about stationary waves on strings 62 Particles and radiation 2 4.7 Using an oscilloscope 64 Practice questions 66 1 Matter and radiation 4 1.1 Inside the atom 4 5 Optics 68 1.2 Stable and unstable nuclei 6 5.1 Refraction of light 68 1.3 Photons 8 5.2 More about refraction 70 1.4 Particles and antiparticles 10 5.3 Total internal reflection 73 1.5 Particle interactions 13 5.4 Double slit interference 76 Practice questions 16 5.5 More about interference 79 2 Ouarks and leptons 18 5.6 Diffraction 82 2.1 The particle zoo 18 5.7 The diffraction grating 85 2.2 Particle sorting 20 Practice questions 88 2.3 Leptons at work 22 Section 2 summary 90 2.4 Quarks and antiquarks 24 End of Section 2 questions 92 2.5 Conservation rules 26 Practice questions 28 Section 3 3 Ouantum phenomena 30 Mechanics and materials 94 3.1 The photoelectric effect 30 6 Forces in equilibrium 96 3.2 More about photoelectricity 32 6.1 Vectors and scalars 96 3.3 Collisions of electrons with atoms 34 6.2 Balanced forces 100 3.4 Energy levels in atoms 36 6.3 The principle of moments 103 3.5 Energy levels and spectra 39 6.4 More on moments 105 3.6 Wave- particle duality 41 6.5 Stability 107 Practice questions 44 6.6 Equilibrium rules 110 Section 1 summary 46 6.7 Statics calculations 114 End of Section 1 questions 48 Practice questions 116 7 On the move 118 Section 2 7.1 Speed and velocity 118 Waves and optics 50 7.2 Acceleration 120 4 Waves 52 7.3 Motion along a straight line at 4.1 Waves and vibrations 52 constant acceleration 122 4.2 Measuring waves 54 7.4 Free fall 125 4.3 Wave properties 1 56 7.5 Motion graphs 128 4.4 Wave properties 2 58 7.6 More calculations on motion along 4.5 Stationary and progressive waves 60 a straight line 130 • 7.7 Projectile motion 1 132 13 DC circuits 214 7.8 Projectile motion 2 134 13.1 Circuit rules 214 Practice questions 136 13.2 More about resistance 217 13.3 Electromotive force and internal 8 Newton's laws of motion 138 resistance 220 8.1 Force and acceleration 138 13.4 More about circuit calculations 223 8.2 UsingF = ma 141 13.5 The potential divider 226 8.3 Terminal speed 144 Practice questions 228 8.4 On the road 146 Section 4 summary 230 8.5 Vehicle safety 149 End of Section 4 questions 232 Practice questions 152 Further practice questions 234 9 Force and momentum 154 9.1 Momentum and impulse 154 Section 5 9.2 Impact forces 158 Skills in AS physics 242 9.3 Conservation of momentum 161 14 Practical work in physics 243 9.4 Elastic and inelastic collisions 164 14.1 Moving on from GCSE 243 9.5 Explosions 166 14.2 Making careful measurements 245 Practice questions 168 14.3 Everyday physics instruments 247 10 Work, energy, and power 170 14.4 Analysis and evaluation 249 10.1 Work and energy 170 15 About pract c. I assessment 252 10.2 Kinetic energy and potential energy 173 15.1 Assessment outline 252 10.3 Power 175 15.2 Direct assessment 254 10.4 Energy and efficiency 180 15.3 Indirect assessment 256 Practice questions 182 16 More on mathematical skills 258 11 Materials 184 16.1 Data handling 258 11.1 Density 184 16.2 Trigonometry 260 11.2 Springs 186 16.3 More about algebra 262 11.3 Deformation of solids 189 16.4 Straight line graphs 265 11.4 More about stress and strain 192 16.5 More on graphs 267 Practice questions 194 16.6 Graphs, gradients, and areas 269 Section 3 summary 196 End of Section 3 questions 198 Section 6 Further mechanics and thermal Section 4 physics 272 Electricity 200 17 Motion in a circle 274 12 Electric current 202 17.1 Uniform circular motion 274 12.1 Current and charge 202 17.2 Centripetal acceleration 276 12.2 Potential difference and power 204 17.3 On the road 278 12.3 Resistance 206 17.4 At the fairground 280 12.4 Components and their characteristics 209 Practice questions: Chapter 1? 282 Practice questions 212 • 18 Simple harmonic motion 286 23 Capacitors 380 18.1 Oscillations 286 23.1 Capacitance 380 18.2 The principles of simple harmonic 23.2 Energy stored in a charged capacitor 382 motion 288 23.3 Charging and discharging a 18.3 More about sine waves 290 capacitor through a fixed resistor 384 18.4 Applications of simple harmonic motion 292 23.4 Dielectrics 388 18.5 Energy and simple harmonic motion 296 Practice questions: Chapter 23 392 18.6 Forced vibrations and resonance 299 24 Magnetic fields 396 Practice questions: Chapter 18 302 24.1 Current-carrying conductors in a 19 Thermal physics 306 magnetic field 396 19.1 Internal energy and temperature 306 24.2 Moving charges in a magnetic field 400 19.2 specific heat capacity 310 24.3 Charged particles in circular orbits 403 19.3 Change of state 313 Practice questions: Chapter 24 406 Practice questions: Chapter 19 316 25 Electromagnetic induction 410 20 Gases 318 25.1 Generating electricity 410 20.1 The experimental gas laws 318 25.2 The laws of electromagnetic induction 413 20.2 The ideal gas law 320 25.3 The alternating current generator 417 20.3 The kinetic theory of gases 323 25.4 Alternating current and power 420 Practice questions: Chapter 20 327 25.5 Transformers 423 Section 6 summary 330 Practice questions: Chapter 25 426 End of Section 6 questions 332 Section 7 summary 430 Practice questions: Fields 432 Section 7 Fields 336 Section 8 Nuclear physics 436 21 Gravitational fields 338 21.1 Gravitational field strength 338 26 Rad oactlvlty 438 21.2 Gravitational potential 340 26.1 The discovery of the nucleus 438 21.3 Newton's law of gravitation 343 26.2 The properties of a, 13, and 'Y radiation 441 21.4 Planetary fields 346 26.3 More about a, 13, and 'Y radiation 446 21.5 Satellite motion 351 26.4 The dangers of radioactivity 449 Practice questions: Chapter 21 354 26.5 Radioactive decay 452 26.6 The theory of radioactive decay 455 22 Electric fields 358 26.7 Radioactive isotopes in use 458 22.1 Field patterns 358 26.8 More about decay modes 462 22.2 Electric field strength 362 26.9 Nuclear radius 466 22.3 Electric potential 366 Practice questions: Chapter 26 468 22.4 Coulomb's law 369 22.5 Point charges 372 27 UC a 472 22.6 Comparing electric fields and 27.1 Energy and mass 472 gravitational fields 375 27.2 Binding energy 475 Practice questions: Chapter 22 376 27.3 Fission and fusion 478 • 27.4 The thermal nuclear reactor 481 Practice questions: Chapter 27 485 Sec .. 488 Practice questions: Nuclear physics 490 Further practice questions 494 Section 9 Option section summaries 502 28.1 Astrophysics 502 28.2 Medical physics 506 28.3 Engineering physics 510 28.4 Turning points in physics 514 28.5 Electronics 518 Section 10 Skills in A Level Year 2 Physics 522 29 Practical work in Year 2 Physics 523 29.1 Comparison of practical work in Year 1 and Year 2 523 29.2 More about measurements 526 30 Mathematical skills in Year 2 Physics 529 30.1 Trigonometry 529 30.2 Algebra 532 30.3 Logarithms 534 30.4 Exponent~ldecrease 537 30.5 Areas and integration 540 30.6 Graphical and computational modelling 543 Reference data and equations 547 Glossary 550 Answers 562 Index 576 • Learning objectives This book contains many different features. Each feature is designed to foster and stimulate your interest in physics, as well as supporting and ' At the beginning of each developing the skills you will need for your examination. topic, there is a list of learning objectives. Terms that you will need to be able to define and understand are ' These are matched to the highlighted in bold orange text. You can look these words up in specification and allow you the glossary. to monitor your progress. Sometimes a word appears in bold. These are words that are useful ' A specification reference is to know but are not used on the specification. They therefore do not also included. have to be learnt for examination purposes. Specification reference: 3.1.1 Synoptic link These features contain important and interesting applications of These highlight how the sections physics in order to emphasise how scientists and engineers relate to each other. Linking have used their scientific knowledge and understanding to develop different areas of physics together new applications and technologies. There are also application features to 0· is important, and you will need to develop your maths skills, with the icon and to develop your practical f). be able to do this. skills, with the icon There are also links to the maths section to support the development of these skills. Extension features These features contain material that is beyond the specification designed to stretch and provide you with a broader knowledge and understanding and lead the way into the types of thinking and areas you might study in further education. As such, neither the detail nor Study tips the depth of questioning will be required for the examinations. But this book is about more than getting through the examinations. Study tips contain prompts to help you with your revision. 1 Extension and application features have questions that link the They can also support the material with concepts that are covered in the specification. Short development of your practical answers are inverted at the bottom of the feature, whilst longer skills (with the practical symbol answers can be found in the answers section at the 8 J and your mathematical skills back of the book. (with the math symbol fiJ. Hint Summary questions Hint features give other 1 These are short questions that test your understanding of the information or ways of thinking topic and allow you to apply the knowledge and skills you have about a concept to support your acquired. The questions are ramped in order of difficulty. understanding. They can also e relate to practical or mathematical 2 Questions that will test and develop your mathematical 9 skills and use the symbols and practical skills are labelled with the mathematical symbol andfi. [fiJ and the practical symbol [fl]. •