AQA GCSE HUMANITIES PAPER TWO

35 Pages·2007·1.44 MB·English

AQA GCSE HUMANITIES
PAPER TWO
Prejudice and Persecution is an option in Paper Two of your
Humanities exam. This means that you may attempt this
section as one of your two options on this paper.

KEY WORDS

DISCRIMINATION – treating someone differently, usually less
well, because they belong to a particular group.
ETHNIC CLEANSING – Genocide or the forced removal of an
ethnic group by another
ETHNIC GROUP – a particular group that share a distinct
cultural identity
GENOCIDE – the deliberate killing of a whole nation or
people.
HARASSMENT – pestering or tormenting
NORMS – the expected behaviour in society. These can be
written or unwritten
PERSECUTION – harassment and mistreatment of an
individual or group
PREJUDICE – an attitude about a person or group that is
formed without having all the facts – that is pre-judging
someone.
PRIMARY SOCIALISATION – the first stage of socialisation.
What we learn from our parents/carers and family
PROPAGANDA – organised circulation by a political group of
ideas, information and misinformation by means of the
media.
SCAPEGOAT – an individual or group unfairly blamed for
something usually because of the stereotype attached to
them
SECONDARY SOCIALISATION – the other ways that we are
taught our role in society e.g. School, media, peer groups,
religious groups, role models, the workplace
SOCIALISATION – the process through which we learn our
role in society
STEREOTYPE – label attached to a group of people with
common characteristics.
VALUES – Standards by which members of a society/culture
define what is desirable or undesirable, important or
unimportant
Below are the key ideas that students must be aware of to develop
their understanding of the topic.

KEY IDEA ONE
Individuals and groups have experienced and continue to experience
prejudice and persecution.
Explores experiences of prejudice and persecution through:
• The role of individual and group attitudes in the formation of
stereotyping , prejudices and scapegoating
• The attitudes and actions of government and the state against
individuals and groups

KEY IDEA TWO
There are various causes of prejudice towards individuals and groups
within and between societies.
Explored through case studies which illustrate causes of prejudice and
persecution
• Norms and values e.g. the impact of ignorance, xenophobia etc
• The role of political ideologies e.g. Apartheid
• Religious differences e.g. state religions, minority beliefs
• Economic conditions e.g. Imperialism and Colonialism

KEY IDEA THREE
Prejudice and discrimination in society have a range of characteristics.
Explores the issues of prejudice and discrimination as they exist in
society through:
• Different forms of prejudice and discrimination e.g. race, gender
• Institutional discrimination e.g. in employment, education
• Systematic discrimination and violence against groups including
genocide e.g. Rwanda, The Holocaust
• The role of the media

KEY IDEA FOUR
Individuals, groups, nations and international organisations can act to
reduce or resolve prejudice and persecution.
Identifies ways of challenging prejudice and persecution focussing on:
• Individual action e.g. students influencing school decisions on
bullying
• Community or organisational action e.g. human right defenders
• National Action e.g. the role of the law, constitutional rights
• International Agencies e.g. International Court of Human Rights,
The UN
KEY IDEA ONE
Individuals and groups have experienced and continue to
experience prejudice and persecution.
Explores experiences of prejudice and persecution through:
•
The role of individual and group attitudes in the formation of
stereotyping, prejudices and scapegoating
•
The attitudes and actions of government and the state against
individuals and groups

Prejudice – an attitude that is formed without having all the
facts.

Look at the following pictures. Write a sentence about what
each picture shows.

What is Socialisation?

List 3 agents of socialisation

Can you think of any ways in which an agent of
socialisation has helped you to form an opinion
about an individual or group? Explain how.

Why do you think this is?
The pictures on the previous page show : 3 boys
shadow boxing – Spanish monks in robes – A British
concentration camp in South Africa 1900.
Did you get them right?
Did you apply prejudice to any of the images?

Look at the following case study.
Identify the agent of Socialisation that is being used
here.
CASE STUDY OF ISLAMAPHOBIA VIA NEWSPAPERS
Highlight any words/phrases that show how the
government has tried to tackle Islamophobia.
By Dominic Casciani
BBC News Online community affairs reporter

Persistent and untackled Islamophobia in the UK could
lead to 'time-bombs' of backlash and bitterness,
according to a major report.
Findings by a national commission into Islam in Britain
found the aftermath of the 11 September attacks has
made life more difficult for Muslims.

Many Muslims say they
It criticised public bodies for failing to address
feel they don't belong
institutional Islamophobia.

But it said schools and hospitals had become much more sensitive to the religious
needs of Muslims.
The report is the latest publication from the Commission on British Muslims and
Islamophobia, a think tank first set up by anti-racism organisation the Runnymede
Trust.
Its first report in 1997 made 60 recommendations and warned that the
government and communities themselves had to do more to improve the
situation of Muslims in the UK.
It called for changes in the law to better protect Muslim communities and a major
effort to bring its people into public life.
'Recommendations ignored'
Launching the new report, Dr Richard Stone, chair of the commission and formerly
an adviser to the Stephen Lawrence Inquiry, warned key recommendations had
been ignored.
Government has
"On 15 February 2003 there took place the biggest
not taken on board, in
public demonstration ever in British history [the march
a deep way, the anti-
against the war in Iraq]," said Dr Stone.
Muslim prejudice in

this country
"But within weeks, the wonderful solidarity seen on 15

February seemed to be unravelling.
Dr Richard Stone
"There is now renewed talk of a clash of civilizations
and mounting concern that the already fragile foothold gained by Muslim
communities in Britain is threatened by ignorance and intolerance."
HAVE YOUR SAY
Since the 11 September attacks, communities had
I don't feel the
experienced greater hostility, including increased
government has done
attacks against individuals and mosques, the report
anything to show a
said.
balanced view of
Islam
It criticised established anti-racism organisations for

failing to do enough to combat anti-Muslim prejudice.
Usman, London
Rioting predicted

Credit for any positive changes since 1997 had to go
Send us your comments
largely to Muslim organisations themselves which had
become more organised, the report found.
Central government deserved some praise for moves
on religious discrimination.
But it warned exclusion from public life perpetuated a
feeling among some Muslims, particularly the young,
that they did not belong in Britain.

This resentment and disaffection represented a time- Riots: Predictions of future
bomb that needed to be dealt with now, it said. disturbances
Dr Abduljalil Sajid, an imam and adviser to the commission, said he believed
many elements of the UK were "institutionally Islamophobic".
"Since the 11 September attacks the single most important concern has been
police harassment of Muslims," said Dr Sajid. "Even one of the country's Muslim
peers, Lord Ahmed, has been stopped twice by police."
While there were many examples of authorities properly addressing the needs of
Muslim communities, he said, there were more than enough examples where
communities believed they were being excluded or ghettoised.
This could spark fresh rioting and increase the influence of extremists.
'Institutionalised'
"These communities need help and want to be proud to be British. But
government and public bodies are not backing up words with actions," said Dr
Sajid.
Dr Richard Stone added: "The only area where there has been major change is
within Muslim communities themselves.
When people think
"Government has not taken on board, in a deep way,
you're a terrorist just
the anti-Muslim prejudice in this country."
because you look like
a Muslim, it makes it
The Muslim Council of Britain (MCB), which was
harder to practise
among those to submit its opinion to the commission,
Islam
said "very little progress" had been made to tackle

Islamophobia since the 1997 report.
Aziz Ahmed
Secretary-general Iqbal Sacranie cited a 41% increase
in "stop and search" operations on Asians revealed by
the Metropolitan Police Authority and a "virulently
Islamophobia 'getting
anti-Muslim" televised party political broadcast by the
worse'
far-right British National Party as examples of the
government's failure to tackle racism.
He said: "We have been witnessing a relentless increase in hostility towards Islam
and British Muslims and it is clear that existing race relations bodies have been
either unable or unwilling to combat this phenomenon effectively."
"Islamophobia is becoming institutionalised," he added.

In you opinion, has the government tried to limit
prejudice towards Muslims. Explain in full detail

It is not only the government that affects our opinions
on an issue. Friends, family, school, celebrities and the
media can change the way that we view certain
issues. Write a sentence on each of the above to
explain how they may influence an individual’s
opinion.

Look at the next case study.
On 22 July 2005, London police were searching for four
suspects in four attempted bombings carried out the
previous day; three at Underground stations and one on a
bus in Hackney. As the perpetrators had not died in the
failed suicide bombing, a large police investigation began
immediately, with the aim of tracking them down. A written
address reportedly had been identified from materials found
inside the unexploded bags used by the bombers, located
within a three-storey block of nine flats in Scotia Road, Tulse
Hill.
At around 9:30 a.m., surveillance officers observing the
address saw Menezes emerge from the communal entrance
of the block. The officers were watching three men who they
claimed were Somali or Ethiopian in appearance.
Menezes, an electrician, lived in one of the flats with two of
his cousins, and had just received a call to fix a broken fire
alarm in Kilburn.
An officer on duty at Scotia Road compared Menezes to the
CCTV photographs of the bombing suspects from the
previous day, and felt "it would be worth someone else
having a look", but "was in the process of relieving [him]self",
and was thus unable to immediately turn on a video camera
to transmit images to Gold Command, the Metropolitan
Police ("Met") operational headquarters for major incidents.
Police thought they had positively identified a suicide
bomber.
On the basis of this officer's suspicion, Gold Command
authorised officers to continue pursuit and surveillance.
Documents from the independent agency investigation of
the shooting later concluded that mistakes in police
surveillance procedure led to a failure to properly identify
Menezes early on, leading to rushed assumptions and
actions later at Stockwell Tube station.[2]
Pursuit and shooting

Stockwell tube station entrance
The officers followed Menezes for 5 minutes as he walked to
a bus-stop on Tulse Hill for the Number 2 bus routes. As he
boarded a bus, several plainclothes police officers boarded,
continuing the pursuit.
At Brixton Station Menezes briefly got off the bus, saw the
station was closed, and reboarded the bus to continue to
Stockwell. The three surveillance officers later stated that
they were satisfied that they had the correct man, as he
"had mongolian eyes".[3] Finally the bus arrived at Stockwell
Tube station, 3.3km (2 miles) away.
At some point during this journey, the pursuing officers
contacted Gold Command, and reported that Menezes
potentially matched the description of two of the previous
day's suspects, including Osman Hussain. Based on this
information, Gold Command authorized "code red" tactics,
and ordered the surveillance officers to prevent Menezes
from boarding a train. According to a "senior police source
at Scotland Yard", Police Commander Cressida Dick told the
surveillance team that the man was to be "detained as soon
as possible", before entering the station.[4] Gold Command
then transferred control of the operation to SO19, which
dispatched firearms officers to Stockwell Tube Station.
At some point Menezes phoned a colleague, Gesio de Avila,
saying he would be late due to the disruption of public
transport caused by the previous day's attempted bombings.
Menezes entered the Tube station at about 10:00 a.m.,
stopping to pick up a free Metro newspaper. He used his
Oyster card to pay the fare, walked through the barriers, and
descended the escalator slowly. He then ran across the
platform to board the newly-arrived train. Menezes boarded
the train and found one of the first available seats.

Menezes' body shown lying on the floor of a carriage,
wearing a denim jacket.
Three surveillance officers, codenamed Hotel 1, Hotel 3 and
Hotel 9, followed Menezes onto the train. According to Hotel
3, Menezes sat down with a glass panel to his right about two
seats in. Hotel 3 then took a seat on the left with about two
or three people between the surveillance officer and
Menezes. When the firearms officers arrived on the platform,
Hotel 3 moved to the door, blocked it from closing with their
left foot, and shouted 'He's here!' to identify the suspect's
location.
The firearms officers boarded the train and challenged the
suspect. According to Hotel 3, Menezes then stood up and
advanced towards the officers and Hotel 3, at which point
Hotel 3 grabbed him, pinned his arms against his torso, and
pushed him back into the seat. Although Menezes was being
restrained, his body was straight and not in a natural sitting
position. After hearing a shot close to their ear, the
surveillance officer was dragged away onto the floor of the
carriage. Hotel 3 then shouted 'Police!' and with hands raised
was dragged out of the carriage by one of the armed
officers who had boarded the train. Hotel 3 then heard