April – June 2006 - The Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement in Islam

20 Pages·2007·0.19 MB·English

“Call to the path of thy Lord with wisdom and goodly exhortation,
and argue with people in the best manner.” (Holy Quran, 16:125)
The Light
AND
ISLAMIC REVIEW
Exponent of Islam and the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement
for over eighty years
April - June 2006
In the spirit of the above-cited verse, this periodical attempts to dispel
misunderstandings about the religion of Islam and endeavors to
facilitate inter-faith dialogue based on reason and rationality.
Vol. 83 CONTENTS No. 2
Women: Love, Marriage and Property –
A Rebuttal to Chapter 8 of the book Unveiling Islam . . . . .3
By Dr. Hamid Rahman
Religious Freedom in Islam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
By Dr.Zahid Aziz
Slavery in Islam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
By Khwaja Kamal-ud-Din
Published on the World-Wide Web at:www.muslim.org
u Ahmadiyya Anjuman Isha‘at Islam Lahore Inc., U.S.A. u
P.O. Box 3370, Dublin, Ohio 43016, U.S.A.
2 THELIGHT ANDISLAMICREVIEW n APRIL – JUNE2006
The Lightwas founded in 1921 as the organ of the AHMADIYYAANJUMAN
ISHA‘AT ISLAM (Ahmadiyya Association for the Propagation of Islam) of
About ourselves
Lahore,Pakistan. The Islamic Reviewwas published in England from 1913
for over 50 years, and in the U.S.A. from 1980 to 1991. The present Ahmadiyya Anjuman Isha‘at Islam Lahore
periodical represents the beliefs of the worldwide branches of the has branches in many countries including:
Ahmadiyya Anjuman Isha‘at Islam,Lahore. U.S.A. Australia
U.K. Canada
ISSN:1060–4596
Holland Fiji
Editor:Fazeel S. Khan Indonesia Germany
Suriname India
Assistant Editor:Fatima Z. Rahman
Trinidad South Africa
Circulation:Mrs. Samina Malik. Guyana
Contact information: Achievements:
‘The Light’,P.O. Box 3370,Dublin,Ohio 43016,U.S.A. The Anjuman has produced extensive
literature on Islam,originally in English and
Phone:614 – 873 1030 • Fax:614 – 873 1022
Urdu, including translations of the
Holy Quran with commentaries. These books
E-mails:[email protected]
are being translated into other languages,
Website:www.muslim.org including French, German, Spanish, Dutch,
Russian, Chinese, and Arabic. The Anjuman
The main objectiveof the A.A.I.I.L. is to present the true,original message has run several Muslim missions around the
of Islam to the whole world — Islam as it is found in the Holy Quran and world, including the first ever in Western
the life of the Holy Prophet Muhammad, obscured today by grave mis- Europe.
conceptions and wrong popular notions.
History:
Islam seeks to attract the hearts and mindsof people towards the truth,by
means of reasoning and the natural beauty of its principles. 1889: Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad founds
the Ahmadiyya Movement.
HazratMirza Ghulam Ahmad (d. 1908),our Founder,arose to remind the
1901: Movement given name Ahmadiyya
world thatIslam is:
after Holy Prophet Muhammad’s other
International:It recognizes prophets being raised among all nations famous name Ahmad.
and requires Muslims to believe in them all. Truth and goodness
1905: Hazrat Mirza appoints central body
can be found in all religions. God treats all human beings equally, (Anjuman) to manage the Movement.
regardless of race,nationality or religion.
1908: Death of Hazrat Mirza. Succeeded by
Peaceful: Allows use of force only in unavoidable self-defence. Maulana Nur-ud-Din as Head.
Teaches Muslims to live peacefully under any rule which accords
1914: Death of Maulana Nur-ud-Din.
them freedom of religion.
Ahmadiyya Anjuman Isha‘at Islam
Tolerant: Gives full freedom to everyone to hold and practise any founded atLahoreas continuation of the
original Anjuman. Maulana Muhammad
creed or religion. Requires us to tolerate differences of belief and
Ali elected as Head.
opinion.
1951: Death of Maulana Muhammad Ali
Rational:In all matters,it urges use of human reason and knowledge.
after fifty yearsof glorious service to the
Blind following is condemned and independence of thought is
cause of Islam. Maulana Sadr-ud-Din
granted.
(d. 1981) becomes Head.
Inspiring:Worship is not a ritual,but provides living contact with a 1981–1996: Dr Saeed Ahmad Khan,an emi-
Living God,Who answers prayers and speaks to His righteous ser- nent medical doctor and religious schol-
vants even today as in the past. ar, led the Movement, at a time of
intense persecution.
Non-sectarian:Everyperson professing Islam bythe words La ilaha
ill-Allah, Muhammad-ur rasul-ullah (There is no god but Allah, 1996–2002: Prof. Dr Asghar Hameed, a
and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah) is a Muslim. A Muslim distinguished retired University
Professor of Mathematics, and learned
cannot be expelled from Islam by anyone.
Islamic scholar,served as Head.
Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad taught that noprophet,old or new,is to arise
2002: Prof. Dr Abdul Karim Saeed Pasha
after the HolyProphet Muhammad.However,Mujaddidswill be raised by
elected Head.
God to revive and rekindle the light of Islam.
APRIL– JUNE2006 n THELIGHT ANDISLAMICREVIEW 3
Women: out reference and provide their own interpretations.
Before discussing the above issues in detail, it is essen-
Love, Marriage and Property
tial to establish the rules of interpretation and the Islamic
– context of relationship between the sexes – men and
women generally and husbands and wives particularly.
A Rebuttal to Chapter 8 of
the book Unveiling Islam Rules of Interpretation
Rule #1
By Dr. Hamid Rahman
Quran is the fundamental source of Islamic faith,
[The U.S. branch of the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement practice, and law. Muslims believe it to be the final
has been compiling responses to each chapter of the word of God for the guidance of mankind. The Quran
popular book ‘Unveiling Islam” by Caner and Caner was written down as it was revealed and memorized in
for the purposes of publishing a detailed response to the full by thousands of people from the earliest times. For
common allegations made against Islam found therein this reason,the Quran has been preserved in its pristine
and repeated by others as authority. In this article, Dr. purity and the 1.1 billion of Muslims in all corners of
the world read from the same Arabic text. The Quran is,
Hamid Rahman, Professor of Finance and Economics
therefore, akin to the constitution of the Muslims. Just
at Alliant University in San Diego California, provides
as the U.S. Constitution is one document but has been
a rebuttal to the chapter that deals with the status of
understood differently at different times and even differ-
women in Islam. He first reviews the rules of interpreta-
ently by different Supreme Court Judges at the same
tion required to examine the various contentions in their
time, so too Muslim groups have interpreted some por-
proper context. He then systematically provides an
tions of the Quran differently. However, the fundamen-
overview of the Islamic position on each topic
tal rule hereis thatthe interpretation must be consistent
addressed by Caner and Caner,evaluates the validity of
i.e. no interpretation is acceptable if it contradicts a
the specific allegations made,and finally,as a compar-
clear rule given in the Quran.
ative analysis, reviews the Bible’s position on each of
the topics. Part 1 of this article is produced herein and The second source of Muslim practice and law is the
part2will be published in a forthcoming issue] Hadith. These are books compiled by various scholars,
after whom theyarenamed for ease of identification,and
Summary consist mostly of reports about what Prophet
Muhammad said (Hadith)and what he did (sunnah). The
The authors Caner and Caner make the following
early Muslims during the time when the Quran was
points in this chapter:
being revealed and for many years afterwards were so
• Islam teaches that women are inherently inferior
careful not to compromise the integrity of the Quran that
to men – spiritually and intellectually.
the writing of any religious text except the Quran was
• Women are regarded as both harmful to men and
strongly discouraged. The Muslims incorporated the
abad omen and arebynature unclean.
sunnah into their daily practices immediately and this
• Unequal treatment of men and women: women
part of the tradition was therefore preserved very well.
have fewer rights and privileges in Muslim soci-
The hadithwere transmitted by narration and it was not
eties - property rights and evidence in lawsuits,
till about a centuryand half after the Prophet thathadith
unequal punishment in adultery.
were written down and it was another century and half
• Polygamy is sanctioned in Islam.
before a systematic compilation of the hadith and sun-
• Criticism of Prophet Muhammad on account of
nah took place in the form that is used generally today.
his marriages – multiplicity of the Prophet’s
During this time, some hadith were distorted and some
wives, marriage with Aishah and Zaynab and
invented.The compilersof the hadithapplied some tests
“super-normal”marriages.
of authenticity to weed out the non-genuine from gen-
• Wives are considered as the husband’s sex objects
uine hadithbut no one can categorically state that all the
in marriage and abusive treatment of wives is
hadithincluded in the books of hadithare genuine. The
sanctified.
widely used and eminently reasonable test of acceptance
• Islam prescribes a code of dress for women.
of a hadithis thatit should be accepted if it does not con-
Insupport of the above contentions,the authors quote tradict the Quran. If there is an apparent contradiction,it
from the Quran and Hadith,make some statements with- should be interpreted in a way that it does not contradict
4 THELIGHT ANDISLAMICREVIEW n APRIL – JUNE2006
the Quran and if such an interpretation is not possible does not mean that the religion sanctifies it. What is pre-
then the hadith should be rejected. It may be added that sented here is the correct position of Islam on issues under
this is the same test that courts use when the constitu- discussion. Many countries purport to be Islamic but their
tionality of federal or state laws is challenged. conduct is not. It is not the intention here to defend the
actions of such tyrannical and repressive regimes even if
Rule #2 they allege to be acting according to Islam.
The wisdom of these rules is self-evident and it is in
Islam lays the highest emphasis on the sanctity of
this context that the issues raised by the authors of
marriage and a moral and stable household. The exis-
Unveiling Islamwill be discussed.
tence of such an environment is essential not only for the
husband and wife to maximize their spiritual potential
Contention No. 1:Islam teaches that women are
but also to lay the foundations for the spiritual growth of
inherently inferior to men,spiritually and
their children. For this reason Islam encourages Muslim
intellectually
adults to stay in the married state and considers marriage
as the best antidote against sexual permissiveness and a Under the title,“A Woman’s Genetic Inferiority,”the
morally debased and depraved society. Islam shares authors state that Islam teaches that women are inher-
these values with the Judeo-Christian tradition and ently inferior to men. In support, they quote one verse
indeed with most of the religions of the world. of the Quran and a few hadith.The Quranic verse quot-
ed is from Surah 2:228 as follows: “Women shall have
In order to ensure harmonious relationship between
rights similar to the rights against them, according to
husband and wife, Islam defines the rights and responsi-
what is equitable; but men have a degree over them.”
bilities of the twoparties to a marriage contract. It encour-
Before this verse,which is really the Magna Charta for
ages that decisions affecting the family be made by mutu-
women’s rights, is discussed more fully to understand
al consent but provides rules for tiebreakers where the par-
its meaning and import, it is conducive to discuss the
ties cannot agree on a common course of action.
status imparted to woman by Islam and to compare it
The husband has been made responsible for the eco- with those of other religions.
nomic welfare of the household and the woman for its
Islam enunciates the greattruth thatman and woman
efficient operation. These two roles are not mutually
have come from the same essence and are one and the
exclusive but each party can help the other. Thus,
same in that respect:
women can work to supplement the household income
and men can performhousehold tasks to help the wives O people, keep your duty to your Lord,Who cre-
in the running of the household. ated you from a single being and created its mate
of the same (kind), and spread from these two
Rule #3 many men and women. And keep your duty to
Allah,by Whom you demand one of another (your
Islam lays the highest emphasis on moral behavior.
rights), and (to) the ties of relationship. Surely
This emphasis is a corollaryofwhatIslam states as the
Allah is ever a Watcher over you. (Surah4:1)
objectiveof creation i.e. to serve Allah and thereby ele-
vate oneself spiritually for His blessings in this world It is obvious that if man and woman are created of the
and the next. In order, to achieve a moral society con- same kind or essence, which is another significance of
ducive for moral behavior,Islam puts restrictions on the the Arabic word nafs1used in this verse,then there can
free intermingling of sexes. It does not prescribe a seg- be no question of genetic inferiority either spiritual or
regationist society but only one in which men and intellectual.
women do not deliberately expose themselves to situa-
Spiritually, Islam raised woman to the position of
tions that may be destructive for their spiritual develop-
man. No other religious book and no other reformer has
ment. Thus, Islam allows women to work, go to places
done one-tenth of what the Holy Quran or the Holy
of worship,help out in the field and even to accompany
Prophet Muhammad has done to raise the position of
men to war. In doing this, they should be properly
woman. The Quran accords good and righteous women
attired so as not to be deliberately provocative.
the same position as good and righteous men. Both sexes
are spoken of in the same terms. The highest favor that
Rule #4
God has bestowed upon mankind is the gift of Divine
Many criminal acts have been done in the name of reli- revelation, and the Quran accords several instances of
gion. Just because an act is done in the name of religion women receiving revelation. Some examples are:
APRIL– JUNE2006 n THELIGHT ANDISLAMICREVIEW 5
And We revealed to Moses’mother, saying: Give In Islam,therefore,there is no moral or spiritual dif-
him suck; then when thou fearest for him,cast him ference between men and women,and morally and spir-
into the river and fear not, nor grieve; surely We itually they can rise to the same eminence.
shall bring him back to thee and make him one of
The authors,Caner and Caner,also insinuate by quot-
the messengers. (28:7)
ing some hadith that women are considered in Islam to
When We revealed to thy mother that which was be deficient in intellect. This is prima facie against the
revealed. (20:38) teaching of Islam for if women possessed an inferior
intellect than men,then a different yardstick would have
And when the angels said:O Mary,surely Allah has
been applied in judging women as compared to men.
chosen thee above the women of the world. (3:42)
Even man made laws do not judge between a person
Where the Holy Quran speaks of the great prophets of deficient in intelligence and one of normal intelligence
God, saying: “And mention Abraham in the Book” alike. Moreover,facts belie such an assertion.
(19:41),“And mention Moses in the Book”(19:51),and so
Islam owes a great favor to the wives of the Holy
on,it speaks of a woman in exactly the same terms:“And
Prophet for remembering and reporting many hadith.
mention Mary in the Book” (19:16). No other religious
Many finer points of religion may not have been amplified
book has given such a high spiritual position to woman.
in the same way without their reporting. In particular,the
The Quran makes no difference between man and Lady Aishah had a marvelous memory and was,in addi-
woman in the bestowal of reward for the good he or she tion, gifted with a clear intellect, by virtue of which she
does: refused to accept anything that she did not understand.
After the Prophet’s death, his wives were considered
I will not suffer the work of any worker among
authorities on religion because they had observed the
you to be lost whether male or female, the one of
Prophet at close range and were consulted on matters of
you being from the other. (3:195)
religion. They taught and explained important aspects of
And whoever does good deeds, whether male or religion and both men and women learnt from them.
female, and he (or she) is a believer – these will
When Caliph Umar, a devoted Companion of the
enter the Garden,and theywill not be dealt with a
Prophet, desired to ban big dowries during his reign, a
whit unjustly.(4:124)
woman in the audience silenced him by repeating the
And whoever does good, whether male or female, verse,“… and you have given one of them a heap of gold,
and he is believer,these shall enter the Garden,to be takenothing from it,”(4:20). The great Caliph Umar had
given therein sustenance without measure. (40:40) to take back his orders saying that, “the women of
Madinah had moreunderstanding than Umar.”
Whoever does good,whether male or female,and
is a believer,We shall certainly make him (or her) Next we look at the specific Quran and Hadithrefer-
live a good life, and We shall certainly give them ences used by Caner and Caner to justify their charges:
their reward for the best of what they did. (16:97)
Quranic reference
The Quran leaves no doubt that women can possess
Only one Quranic reference is cited under this
the same good qualities as men can and with exactly the
charge. The verse reads:
same consequences:
Women shall have rights similar to the rights
Surely the men who submit and the women who
against them, according to what is equitable; but
submit, and the believing men and the believing
men have a degree over them. (2:228)
women, and the obeying men and the obeying
women, and the truthful men and the truthful The context of the verse in the Quran shows that this
women, and the patient men and the patient verse relates to the mutual rights of husband and wife
women, and the humble men and the humble and not of any woman against any man. The rights of
women,and the charitable men and the charitable women against their husbands are here stated to be sim-
women, and the fasting men and the fasting ilar to those that the husbands have against their wives.
women,and the men who guardtheir chastity and The statement must, no doubt, have caused a stir in a
the women who guard, and the men who remem- society that never recognized any rights for the woman.
ber Allah much and women who remember – This declaration brought about a revolution not only in
Allah has prepared for them forgiveness and a Arabia but in the whole world, for the equality of the
mighty reward. (33:35) rights of women with those of men was never previous-
6 THELIGHT ANDISLAMICREVIEW n APRIL – JUNE2006
ly recognized by any nation or any reformer. The when she has her periods?’They said, ‘Yes.’ He
woman could no longer be discarded at the will of her said,‘This is an imperfection in their faith.’2
“lord”, but she could either claim equality as a wife or
Caner and Caner quote three snippets from this
demand divorce. The statement that “men are a degree
Hadithas follows:
above them” does not nullify the rights asserted in the
previous passage. The words are added simply to show “Muhammad asked some women, ‘Isn’t the wit-
that superior authority to run the house must be given to ness of a woman equal to half of that of a man?’
either the husband or the wife,and it is given to the hus- The woman said, ‘Yes.’He said, ‘This is because
band for reasons given in (4:34): of the deficiency of the woman’s mind.’”(3.826)
Men are the maintainers of women, with what “I have not seen anyone more deficient in intelli-
Allah has made some of them to excel others and gence and religion than you.”(2.541)
with what they spend out of their wealth…
“I was shown the hell-fire and that the majority of its
The economic sustainability of the household has dwellers are women.”(Quoted without reference but
squarely been made the responsibility of the man. alleged to be occurring “Three times in the hadith”)
Women may voluntarily share this burden but the prime
The Books of Hadith are replete with repetitions.
responsibility for providing for the family rests on the
There are two main sources of repetition. The first aris-
husband. Matters in the Islamic household must be decid-
es because the Books of Hadith are arranged by sub-
ed by mutual consultation and consensus but where a
jects. If a saying of the Holy Prophet contains material
consensus is not possible,a method has to be provided to
relevant to two different subjects,the saying is repeated
break the tie. Since a large majority of disputes between
under both the subjects. Secondly, if two different nar-
husband and wifehave economic consequences and since
rators narrate the same saying then again the saying is
the husband is responsible for ensuring the economic
reported separately attributing it to the relevant narra-
well being of the family,therefore,the tiebreak vote has
tors. Thus a report occurring three times does not neces-
been accorded to the husband. This is just a matter of
sarilyindicate three different incidents or conversations
good common sense and has none of the insinuations of
but could all be the result of the same one but reported
“genetic inferiority” and “women are inherently inferior
by different narrators, each narration differing a little
to men”that Caner and Caner would like to impute. The
according to the understanding of the narrator. It is easy
fact that this is the only Quranic verse Caner and Caner
to see that the Caner and Caner quotes are all found in
quote about their charge of woman’s genetic inferiority is
this single incident.
ameasureoftheir desperation to find something to sup-
port their preconceived notions. This hadith is reported by Abu Saeed Khudri and
In support of their contention, Caner and Caner also begins as follows: “The Messenger of Allah, peace be
quote some snippets from hadith; they give three refer- upon him,was proceeding towards the Eid congregation
ences but the major points they make are all found in the ground either on the occasion of the Sacrificial Eid or Eid
following hadithand will be discussed in its context. ul Fitar…”This beginning is indicative of the lack of pre-
ciseness in the reporting of the hadith.If the narrator can-
Abu Saeed Khudri narrated: The Messenger of
not remember with clarity at which one of the two impor-
Allah was proceeding towards the Eid congrega-
tant festivals of Eid the reported incident took place then
tion ground either on the occasion of the
it throws into doubt the accuracy of the detailed conver-
Sacrificial Eid or Eid ul Fitar when he passed by a
sation reported in the incident. However,we will assume
group of women; he said,‘Indulge in acts of char-
for the sake of argument that the rest of the narration is
ity because you (women) have been shown to me
accurate and proceed to examine it on thatbasis.
to be in the majority amongst the inhabitants of
hell.’They asked, ‘Why, O Messenger of Allah?’ As the hadithshows,the Holy Prophet was proceed-
He replied,‘You curse a lot,are ungrateful to your ing towards the ground where the multitude had gath-
husbands; I havenot seen anyone more wanting in ered to offer the Eid prayers when he passed by a group
knowledge and faith than you.’ They enquired, of women. Ever the preacher, he found a teachable
‘What is the imperfection in our faith and knowl- moment to preachagainst two evils commonly associat-
edge,O Messenger of Allah?’He said,‘Is the wit- ed with the women of that society,namely,cursing and
ness of a woman not half that of a man?’ They lack of appreciation for their husband’s efforts on their
said,‘Yes.’He said,‘This is because of imperfect behalf and on behalf of the whole household. Both these
knowledge. Does she not stop praying and fasting traits cut across the fundamental basis of Islam, which
APRIL– JUNE2006 n THELIGHT ANDISLAMICREVIEW 7
rests on the dual principle of fulfilling obligations to sibility. While this is a necessary requirement for the
God and to mankind. Cursing negates the latter and survival of the human race, it does take her away from
ungratefulness the former. Ungratefulness is a trait that prayer and fasting – two efficacious methods of spiritu-
God does not love. If these traits are allowed to contin- al development and strengthening of the faith.
ue unchecked, the ultimate result would be hell-fire. It
Thus,this roadside sermon is full of wisdom. It points
must be emphasized here that the Islamic concept of
out a couple of destructive traits in those women, which
heaven and hell is not just confined to the next world.
if unchecked will create a veritable hell for them.
Heaven and hell are states that exist within a person in
Prescribes a method to counteract these traits and finally
this world and will assume a more palpable form in the
explains why these traits are more likely to develop in
next. A woman who is ungrateful to her husband and
women than men. To infer ‘genetic inferiority’ and to
cursing her neighbors and others is not a woman who is
assume that women are ‘consigned to hell’ from this
at peace with herself. She is, in fact, in hell. The Holy
hadith is not only farfetched but totally incorrect.
Prophet warns against these traits and advises acts of
Interpretation of the hadith must be according to the
charity as an effective antidote.
Quran and if such an interpretation is impossible then the
Now there are two things that can effectively check hadithshould be rejected. Our discussion from the Quran
such behavior – knowledge and/or faith. An intelligent above has already demonstrated that spiritually men and
person knows that such behavior is self-destructive and women are created equal and can aspire to, and achieve
will create a veritable hell for oneself. If a person is not the same heights of spiritual development and nearness to
very intelligent but has a strong faith, he or she would God. This is the fundamental and basic premise of Islam.
also reach the same conclusion because this is the les-
Bible on the inferiority of women
son that religion teaches as well. Thus, letting these
traits persist indicates a lack of knowledge and faith. “Let the woman learn in silence with all subjection.
The rest of the conversation is an explanation of the But I suffer not a woman to teach,nor to usurp authori-
environmental factors that result in these traits being ty over the man,but to be in silence. For Adam was first
found more commonly in women then men. formed,then Eve. And Adam was not deceived,but the
woman being deceived was in the transgression.”—1
Based on the division of labor in a traditional house-
Tim. 2:11-14
hold,man is the breadwinner and the woman is the care-
taker of the house and children. The normal housewife For a man ought not to cover his head,since he is the
is therefore not as business savvy as a man nor does she imageand gloryof God,but woman is the glory of man,
get the opportunity to become street smart and experi- for man was not made for woman, but woman from
ence the rough and tumble of life like a man does. man, neither was man created for woman, but woman
Further, giving evidence in court and the subsequent for man. [1 Corin. 11:7]
cross-examination is often brutal and far removed from
The leaden cover was lifted,there was a woman sitting,
the everyday experience of a housewife. Therefore,
and he (the angel) said:this is wickedness. [Zech. 5:7]
Islamic law provides that business contracts, wills and
the like be witnessed by two men or one man and two And I find more bitter than death the woman who is
women in verse (2:282). This is only a concession to a snare, whose heart is a trap and whose hands are
environmental-social concern rather than a condemna- chains. The man who pleases God will escape her, but
tion of women as being intellectuallyinferior.The Holy the sinner she will ensnare....while I was still searching
Prophet’s reference to, ‘Isn’t the witness of a woman but not finding,I found one upright man among a thou-
equal to half that of a man,’is meant to indicate the lack sand but not one upright woman among them all”.
of vision and foresight in women as a result of experi- [Eccless 7:26-28]
ence confined to the house that does not enable them to
“...Christ is the head of every man,and a husband the
see how destructive cursing and ungratefulness is.
head of his wife,and the head of Christ is God. (NIV)”.
Islamic ordinances exempt women from prayers and Corinthians 11:3
fasting while they are menstruating. Daily prayer at
“Give me any plague,but the plague of the heart:and
least five times a day is the preferred method in Islam to
any wickedness, but the wickedness of a woman.”
stay focused on God and stay within the confines of His
(Eccles. 25:13)3
commands. According to nature’s division of labor, the
responsibility of childbearing is that of the woman and “Of the woman came the beginning of sin, and
nature prepares her once a month to fulfill this respon- through her we all die.”(Eccles. 25:22)
8 THELIGHT ANDISLAMICREVIEW n APRIL – JUNE2006
“For from garments cometh a moth,and from women is the best of them in moral excellence, and the best of
wickedness. Better is the churlishness of a man than a you are the kindest of you to their wives.’”
courteous woman, a woman, I say, which bringeth
Besides being ill omens, Caner and Caner allege
shame and reproach.”(Eccles. 42:13-14)
women are considered unclean by nature and quotes
“Adam was not deceived but the woman was” (1 Surah4:43 to prove his contention. This verse states:
Timothy 2:11-14)
O you who believe, go not near prayer when you
“Woman will be ruled over by the male”(Genesis 3:16) are intoxicated till you know what you say, nor
after sexual intercourse – except you are merely
Contention No.2:In Islam,women are regarded as passing by – until you have bathed. And if you are
both harmful to men and a bad omen and are by sick,or on a journey,or one of you come from the
nature unclean privy, or you have touched the women, and you
cannot find water,betake yourselves to pure earth,
Under a title, “Consigned to Hell,” Caner and Caner
then wipe your faces and your hands. Surely Allah
state that in Islam, “…women are regarded as both
is ever Pardoning Forgiving.6
harmful to men and a bad omen. ‘Muhammad said,
“Bad omen is in the women, the house and the The ‘touching of women’is a euphemism for sexual
horse…after me I have not left any affliction more intercourse.7Islamic law requires both men and women
harmful to men than women.”’” to take a bath after sexual intercourse and before prayer
can be offered. Surah5:6 essentially reiterates the same.
This hadith is rejected by no less an authority than
To impute from this that women are by nature unclean
Lady Aisha,the wife of the Holy Prophet. When it was
is a travesty because the rule applies both to men and
mentioned before her that Abu Huraira had narrated that
women. It could equally then be argued that men too by
the Holy Prophet had said that “Bad omen is in the
nature are unclean because women have to take a bath
women, the house and the horse,” she was very angry
too. A hadith is narrated below to show that there is
and said, “The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) never said
nothing unclean about contact with a woman:
this. What he said was that people in the Days of
Ignorance (Pre-Islamic Period) considered the women, Aishah said: The Messenger of Allah PBUH
the house and the horse to be bad omens.”4Apparently, would cause his head to get to me while he was in
the narrator of this hadithmisunderstood or only partly the mosque,and I would comb his hair; …8
heard the Holy Prophet’s discourse where he said that
Bible on the uncleanness of women
women,house and horse were considered as bad omens
“Speak unto the children of Israel, saying, If a
in the Pre-Islamic days. This hadithis,therefore reject-
woman have conceived seed,and born a man child:then
ed by commentators of the hadith and forms no part of
she shall be unclean seven days; according to the days
the Islamic faith because it goes against the fundamen-
of the separation for her infirmity shall she be unclean.”
tal principles of Islam. The Quran states that man and
(Leviticus 12:2)
woman are made from the same essence and not that
one is made from a blessed essence and the other from “But if she bear a maid child, then she shall be
an ill-omened one. The Holy Prophet granted the great- unclean two weeks, as in her separation: and she shall
est respect to women. Just three of the many incidents continue in the blood of her purifying threescore and six
that can be narrated are given below: days.”(Leviticus 12:5)
When Halima,who had wet-nursed the Holy Prophet “Who can bring a clean thing out of an unclean? not
as a baby, visited him, he would spread out his own one . . .”Job 14:1-4
shawlfor her to sit on.
Maryis unclean after the birth of Jesus. Luke 2:22
Muaviyah ibn Jahimah reported: Jahimah came to
When a woman has a discharge of blood which in her
the Prophet (PBUH)and said,“O Messenger of Allah! I
regular discharge from her body,she shall be apart seven
intend that I should enlist in the fighting force and I
days. And whosoever touches her shall be unclean until
have come to consult thee. He said, ‘Hast thou a moth-
the evening. And every thing that she lies upon in her
er?’He said, yes. He said, ‘Then stick to her, for para-
separation shall be unclean. Every thing also that she sits
dise is beneath her two feet.’”5
upon shall be unclean. And whosoever touches her bed
Abu Hurairah said: “The Messenger of Allah shall wash his clothes and bathe himself in water,and be
(PBUH) said,‘The most perfect of the believers in faith unclean until the evening. And whosoever touches any-
APRIL– JUNE2006 n THELIGHT ANDISLAMICREVIEW 9
thing that she sat upon shall wash his clothes,and bathe her to a position of perfect freedom as regards her prop-
himself in water,and be unclean until the evening. erty rights and her right to inheritance,a position which,
among other nations, she has only partly attained and
And if it be on her bed,or any thing whereon she
that after centuries of hard struggle.
sits when he touches it: he shall be unclean until
the evening. And if any man lie with her at all,and There is good logic behind fixing the share of a
her flowers be upon him: he shall be unclean daughter at half that of a son. Islam makes the econom-
seven days,and all the bed whereon she lies shall ic well being of a household the responsibility of the
be unclean. man. Thus the son has to support his family with his
inheritance and thus share it with his wife and children.
And if a woman have an issue of her blood many
The daughter gets her share without any such strings
days out of the time of her separation, or if it run
attached. She is the sole benefactor from her inheri-
beyond the time of her separation:All the days of
tance, as she has to be maintained by her husband.
the issue of her uncleanness shall be as the days of
Under the circumstances, the share of the woman is
her separation, she shall be unclean. Every bed
generous.
whereon she lies all the days of her issue shall be
unto her as the bed of her separation,and whatso- Bible on women’sproperty rights
ever she sits upon shall be unclean,as the unclean-
Say to the Israelites,‘If a man dies and leaves no son,
ness of her separation.
turn his inheritance over to his daughter...’”Numbers 27:8
And whosoever touches those things shall be
The Tenth Commandment considers a wife to be
unclean and shall wash his clothes and bathes
property: “Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor’s house,
himself in water, and he be unclean until the
thou shalt not covet thy neighbor’s wife,nor his manser-
evening. But if she be cleansed of her issue, then
vant, nor his maidservant, nor his ox, nor his ass, nor
she shall number to herself seven days, and after
anything that is thy neighbor’s.”Exodus 20:17
that she shall be clean. And on the eighth day she
Evidence in lawsuits
shall take unto her two turtles or two young
pigeons,and bring them unto the priest to the door Caner and Caner write under the title ‘Consigned to
of the meeting tent. [Levi. 15:19] Hell’,“In judicial proceedings,awoman’stestimonyis
given one-half the value and credibility as that of a
If a man lies with a woman and has an emission of
man.” The relevant verse quoted is 2:282, which is
semen both of them shall bathe themselves in water,
given below in somewhat greater detail than the brief
and be unclean until the evening. [Levi. 15:18]
snippet provided bythe Caner brothers:
Contention No.3:In Islam women are treated Oyou who believe, when you contract a debt for a
unequally to men – they have fewer rights and fixed time,write it down…And call to witness from
privileges in Muslim societies,particularly among your men twowitnesses; but if there are not
pertaining to property rights,evidence in lawsuits, two men,then one man and two women from among
divorce and punishment for adultery. those whom you choose to be witnesses, so that if
one of the two errs,the one may remind the other…
Caner and Caner make a number of charges regard-
ing unequal treatment of men and women. These are As the context shows,witnessing a contract by either
addressed below: two men or one man and two women is a concession to
the unfamiliarity that most women have with business
Property rights
dealings. It does not imply that “a woman’s testimony is
Under the title ‘Consigned to Hell’, it is stated, “In given one-half the value and credibility as that of a
apportioning inheritance, a woman should receive half man.”The idea is to provide witness support for women
of what a man receives.” The Quranic verse quoted is: when faced with witnessing the technicalities of a busi-
“Allah enjoins you concerning your children: for the ness contract and later when giving evidence in a court
male is the equal of the portion of two females;…” of lawif the need arises.
(196:11). Woman, in Arabia, had no rights of property;
Let us examine the Islamic lawof evidence in anoth-
in fact, she was part of the inheritance, and was taken
er context – adultery. Verse 24:4 provides:
possession of along with other property. She had no
right to the property of her deceased husband or father. And those who accuse free women and bring not
The Quran took her from this low position and raised four witnesses,flog them (with) eighty stripes and
10 THELIGHT ANDISLAMICREVIEW n APRIL – JUNE2006
never accept their evidence, and these are trans- Caner and Caner further state:“A man may divorce his
gressors- wife, however, by simply verbally declaring his intent. If
he changes his mind, he must wait until his wife has
In a charge of adultery, there has to be four witness-
remarried and divorced again before he can marry her.”
es to prove the charge. Thus,if there are three male wit-
nesses accusing a woman of adultery and the woman The correct process for divorce according to the Quran
denies the charge, the charge will fail. The evidence of has been given above. Given the seriousness of divorce,
one woman negates the evidence of three men. Her the Quran has laid down a procedure,equally applicable
credibility is given three times the weight of a man. to men and women, that provides for arbitration and
ensures that divorce is not pronounced arbitrarily. Further
The idea in both the cases is to protect women.
safeguards have been provided for reconciliation and
Neither implies the genetic inferiority or superiority of
every chance is afforded to the parties to maintain the
one sex over the other.
conjugal tie,even after differences have arisen leading to
Divorce divorce. Every divorce must be followed by a period of
waiting.11 This waiting time is for about three months.
Writing under the title ‘Wives as Play Things’Caner
The waiting period, among other purposes, affords the
and Caner state, “According to the Quran, women are
parties a chance of reconciliation. Though they are
not permitted to divorce their husbands under any cir-
divorced, they still live in the same house, the husband
cumstance.” No Quranic verse is quoted to support the
being plainly told not to expel the wife from the house in
above contention. The reason is that none exists. The
whichshe has been living unless she is guilty of miscon-
principle of divorce in the Quran is described thus:
duct,and a similar advice is given to the wife not to leave
And if you fear a breach (shiqaq) between the the house.12This injunction clearly aims at restoring ami-
two, then appoint an arbiter from his people and cable relations between the parties. In fact,reconciliation
an arbiter from her people. If they both desire is recommended in plain words during the waiting peri-
agreement, Allah will effect harmony between od,“And their husbands have a better right to take them
them; surely Allah is ever Knowing,Aware (4:35) back in the meanwhile if they wish for reconciliation.”
(2:228) Even after the period of waiting has passed, the
This verse gives us not only the principle of divorce,
two parties are allowed, even encouraged to remarry:
which is shiqaq or a disagreement to live together as
“and when you have divorced women and they have
husband and wife, but also the process to be adopted
ended their term of waiting,prevent them not from mar-
when a rupture of marital relations is feared. The two
rying their husbands, if they agree among themselves in
sexes are here placed on a level of perfect equality. A a lawful manner…” (2:232) The condition is also laid
“breach between the two” would imply that either the down that such a revocable divorce, can be pronounced
husband or the wife wants to break off the marriage twice: “Divorce may be pronounced twice: then keep
agreement, and hence either may claim a divorce when them in good fellowship or let them go with kindness.”
the parties can no longer pull on in agreement. In the Before Islam, however, while the wife had no right of
process to be adopted, both husband and wife are to be divorce,the husband had an unchecked license to divorce
represented on a status of equality; an arbiter has to be the wife and to reassert conjugal rights during the waiting
appointed from his people and another from her people. period as many times as he pleased.13Thus women were
looked upon as merechattel that could be discarded and
Hadith makes the woman’s right of divorce even
taken at will. This had demoralized the whole institution
clearer. The wife of Thabit ibn Qais came to the Prophet
of marriage. Islam not only gave the wife a right of
and said: “O Messenger of Allah! I do not find fault in
divorce but also checked the husband’s license to divorce
Thabit ibn Qais regarding his morals or faith but I can-
as often as he liked. When a man and a woman have
not pull on with him.” The Prophet said: “Wilt thou
found by two experiments that they cannot live together
return to him his orchard (which he had settled upon her
as husband and wife,it is absurd on their part to think of
as a dowry)?” On receiving a reply in the affirmative,
remarriage again. Hence the Quran lays down that they
the Prophet sent for Thabit and ordered him to take back
shall not remarry after the second failure of the union,
his orchard and divorce his wife.9
except in one case: “So if he divorces her (for the third
The right of the wife to claim a divorce is not only time),she shall not be lawful to him afterwards until she
recognized by the Quran and Hadith but also in marries another husband. If he (the second husband)
Jurisprudence (fiqh). The technical term for the wife’s divorces her,there is no blame on them both if they return
right to divorce by returning her dowry is called khul.10 to each other (by marriage), if they think that they can