April 2009 To: Tom Schlafly AISC Committee on Research Subject: Progress Report No. 3 ‐ AISC Faculty Fellowship Cross‐section Stability of Structural Steel Tom, Please find enclosed the third progress report for the AISC Faculty Fellowship. The report summarizes research efforts to study the cross‐section stability of structural steel, and to extend the Direct Strength Method to hot‐rolled steel sections. The finite element parametric analysis reported herein (see Section 3) focuses on web‐flange interaction, and comparisons of the AISC, AISI – Effective Width, and AISI – Direct Strength design methods for columns and beams with slender cross‐sections. The results indicate excessive conservatism in existing AISC approaches and point towards potential ways forward using alternative methods. Sincerely, Mina Seif ([email protected]) Ben Schafer ([email protected]) Graduate Research Assistant Associate Professor Summary of Progress The primary goal of this AISC funded research is to study and assess the cross‐section stability of structural steel. A timeline and brief synopsis follows. Research begins March 2006 (Note, Mina Seif joined project in October 2006) Progress Report #1 June 2007 Completed work: • Performed axial and major axis bending elastic cross‐section stability analysis on the W‐ sections in the AISC (v3) shapes database using the finite strip elastic buckling analysis software CUFSM. • Evaluated and found simple design formulas for plate buckling coefficients of W‐sections in local buckling that include web‐flange interaction. • Reformulated the AISC, AISI, and DSM column design equations into a single notation so that the methods can be readily compared to one another, and so that the centrality of elastic buckling predictions for all the methods could be readily observed. • Performed a finite strip elastic buckling analysis parametric study on AISC, AISI, and DSM column design equations for W‐sections to compare and contrast the design methods. • Created educational tutorials to explore elastic cross‐section stability of structural steel with the finite strip method, tutorials include clear 2 learning objectives, step‐by‐step instructions, and complementary homework problems for students. Papers from this research: Schafer, B.W., Seif, M., “Comparison of Design Methods for Locally Slender Steel Columns” SSRC Annual Stability Conference, Nashville, TN, April 2008. Progress Report #2 April 2008 Completed work: • Performed axial, positive and negative major axis bending, and positive and negative minor axis bending finite strip elastic cross‐ section buckling stability analysis on all the sections in the AISC (v3) shapes database using the finite strip elastic buckling analysis software CUFSM. • Evaluated and determined simple design formulas that include web‐ flange interaction for local plate buckling coefficients of all structural steel section types. • Performed ABAQUS finite element elastic buckling analyses on W‐ sections, comparing and assessing a variety of element types and mesh densities. • Initiated an ABAQUS nonlinear finite element analysis parameter study on W‐section stub columns, and assessed and compared results to the sections strengths predicted by AISC, AISI, and DSM column design equations. 3 Papers from this research: Seif, M., Schafer, B.W., “Elastic Buckling Finite Strip Analysis of the AISC Sections Database and Proposed Local Plate Buckling Coefficients” Structures Congress, Austin, TX, April 2009. Progress Report #3 April 2009 Completed work: • Studied the influence of the variation of design parameters on the ultimate strength of W‐section steel stub columns; further understanding, highlighting, and quantifying the uncertainties of parameters that lead to the divergence of the columns strength than what one might typically expect. • Performed an ABAQUS nonlinear finite element analysis parameter study on W‐section stub columns, and assessed and compared results to the sections strengths predicted by AISC, AISI, and DSM column design equations. • Performed a similar nonlinear finite element analysis parameter study on W‐section short beams, assessing and comparing results to the strengths predicted by AISC, AISI, and DSM beam equations. • Initiated a nonlinear finite element analysis parameter study for columns with variable lengths at preselected slenderness ratios, as a step towards the completion of a database that will allow extension of the Direct Strength Method to hot‐rolled steel sections. Papers from this research: Seif, M., Schafer, B.W., “Finite element comparison of design methods for locally slender steel beams and columns” SSRC Annual Stability Conference, Phoenix, AZ, April 2009. 4 Table of Contents Summary of Progress.......................................................................................................2 1 Introduction...............................................................................................................7 2 Finite Element Reliability Analysis of Hot-Rolled W-Section Steel Columns.........10 2.1 Introduction and Motivation.........................................................................10 2.2 Objective and Methodology..........................................................................10 2.2.1 Variables and Statistical Parameters..........................................................12 2.2.1.1 Section’s Thickness..............................................................................13 2.2.1.2 Yield Strength.......................................................................................13 2.2.1.3 Modulus of Elasticity............................................................................15 2.2.1.4 Poisson’s Ratio......................................................................................15 2.2.1.5 Geometric Imperfections......................................................................15 2.2.1.6 Residual Stresses...................................................................................17 2.2.2 Finite Element Modeling...........................................................................19 2.3 Results and Comments......................................................................................21 2.3.1 Taylor Series..............................................................................................21 2.3.2 Mont Carlo Simulation..............................................................................26 2.4 Main Conclusion................................................................................................34 2.5 Study Extension Suggestions.............................................................................35 3 Finite Element Comparison of Design Methods for Locally Slender Steel Beams and Columns.............................................................................................................................37 3.1 Introduction and Motivation..............................................................................37 3.2 Design Methods and Equations.........................................................................38 3.2.1 Column Design Equations.....................................................................39 3.2.2 Beam Design Equations.........................................................................40 3.3 Parameter Study and Modeling..........................................................................45 3.3.1 Approach..................................................................................................45 3.3.2 Geometric Variation...................................................................................45 3.3.3 Finite Element Modeling...........................................................................48 3.4 Results................................................................................................................48 5 3.4.1 Columns...................................................................................................49 3.4.2 Beams........................................................................................................54 3.5 Discussion..........................................................................................................58 3.5.1 Columns...................................................................................................58 3.5.2 Beams........................................................................................................59 3.5.3 Overall......................................................................................................60 3.6 Long Members Parameter Study.......................................................................61 3.6.1 Introduction.............................................................................................61 3.6.2 Initial Approach......................................................................................61 3.7 Summary and Conclusions................................................................................63 4 References..................................................................................................................65 Appendix A : Additional Column Results.........................................................................68 Appendix B : Additional Beam Results.............................................................................72 6 1 Introduction The research work presented in this progress report represents a continuing effort towards a fuller understanding of hot‐rolled steel cross‐sectional local stability. Typically, locally slender cross‐sections are avoided in the design of hot‐rolled steel structural elements, but completely avoiding local buckling ignores the beneficial post‐buckling reserve that exists in this mode. With the appearance of high and ultra‐high yield strength steels this practice may become uneconomical, as the local slenderness limits for a section to remain compact are a function of the yield stress. Currently, the AISC employs the Q‐factor approach when slender elements exist in the cross‐section, but analysis in Progress Report #1 indicates geometric regions where the Q‐factor approach may be overly conservative, and other regions where it may be moderately unconservative as well. It is postulated that a more accurate accounting of web‐flange interaction will create a more robust method for the design of high yield stress structural steel cross‐sections that are locally slender. Progress Report #1 summarized how the locally slender W‐section column design equations from the AISC Q‐factor approach, AISI Effective Width Method, and AISI Direct Strength Method (DSM) can be reformulated and 7 arranged into a common set of notation. This common notation highlights the central role of cross‐section stability in predicting member strength. Progress Report #2, provided results of finite strip elastic cross‐section buckling analysis performed on all the sections in the AISC (v3) shapes database (2005) under: axial, positive and negative major‐axis bending, and positive and negative minor‐axis bending. The results were used to evaluate the plate local buckling coefficients underlying the AISC cross‐section compactness limits (e.g., b/2t and h/t limits). In addition, the finite strip results provided the basis for the f f w creation of simple design formulas for local plate buckling that include web‐ flange interaction, and better represent the elastic stability behavior of structural steel sections, for all different loading types. Those design formulas are essentially a proposed replacement for the AISC’s Table B4.1 which defines the slenderness limits. Progress Report #2 also provided a comparison and assessment of the different two‐dimensional shell elements which are commonly used in modeling structural steel. The assessment is completed through finite element elastic buckling analysis performed on W‐sections using a variety of element types and mesh densities in the program ABAQUS. The concluding section of that report discussed the initiation of a finite element parameter study (performed in ABAQUS) on W‐section stub columns. 8 The first part of this document, Progress Report #3, provides a finite element reliability analysis study on hot rolled W‐sectioned structural steel columns. The study aimed to assess the influence of the variation of design parameters on the ultimate strength of such type of members; further understanding, highlighting, and quantifying the uncertainties of parameters that lead to the divergence of columns strength beyond what one might typically expect. The second part of this report presents and discusses a nonlinear finite element analysis parameter study (performed in ABAQUS) on W‐section stub columns and short beams. The study aims to highlight the parameters that lead to the divergence of the section strength capacity predictions, provided by the different design methods: AISC, AISI, and DSM design equations. The concluding part of this report discusses the extension of the parameter study to include longer columns and beams, thus including global buckling modes. This will be a further step towards the completion of a database that will allow us to utilize the elastic buckling information, for cross‐sections with large variations in element slenderness, to provide suggestions and improvements for the DSM applicability to structural steel. 9 2 Finite Element Reliability Analysis of Hot-Rolled W-Section Steel Columns 2.1 Introduction and Motivation Nonlinear finite element analysis is used as a tool in this research for predicting the ultimate strength of structural steel sections. Such analyses are sensitive to variations in their inputs, in much the same way real columns are influenced by variations in modulus, yield strength, residual stresses etc. To develop a fuller understanding of the potential variations a formal reliability analysis of structural steel columns was initiated. This study provides necessary knowledge of the input parameters for use in subsequent nonlinear analysis. Further, the reliability analysis itself gives insight on the relative importance of variations in the parameters, across the possible parameters, i.e., which is more influential expected geometric imperfection magnitudes, or variations in the yield stress? 2.2 Objective and Methodology The main objective of this work is to study the influence of the variation of design parameters on the ultimate strength of W‐section steel stub columns; further understanding, highlighting, and quantifying the uncertainties of parameters that lead to greater variation in column strength than what one might typically expect from a deterministic design perspective. 10
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