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PHP for Absolute Beginners
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Dear Reader,
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PHP for Absolute Beginners will take you from zero to full-speed with PHP pro-
gramming in an easy-to-understand, practical manner. Rather than building
applications with no real-world use, this book teaches you PHP by walking you P
through the development of a blogging web site.
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You’ll start by creating a simple web-ready blog, then you'll learn how to add
password-protected controls, support for multiple pages, the ability to upload
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and resize images, a user comment system, and finally, how to integrate with
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sites like Twitter.
Along the way, you'll also learn a few advanced tricks including creating r
friendly URLs with .htaccess, using regular expressions, object-oriented pro-
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gramming, and more.
I wrote this book to help you make the leap to PHP developer in hopes that
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you can put your valuable skills to work for your company, your clients, or on
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Jason Lengstorf l for Absolute Beginners
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PHP for Absolute
Beginners

■ ■ ■
Jason Lengstorf

i
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PHP for Absolute Beginners
Copyright © 2009 by Jason Lengstorf
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval
system, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner and the publisher.
ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-4302-2473-0
ISBN-13 (electronic): 978-1-4302-2474-7
Printed and bound in the United States of America 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Trademarked names may appear in this book. Rather than use a trademark symbol with every
occurrence of a trademarked name, we use the names only in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of
the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark.
Lead Editor: Michelle Lowman
Technical Reviewer: Gordon Forsythe
Editorial Board: Clay Andres, Steve Anglin, Mark Beckner, Ewan Buckingham, Tony Campbell,
Gary Cornell, Jonathan Gennick, Michelle Lowman, Matthew Moodie, Jeffrey Pepper, Frank
Pohlmann, Ben Renow-Clarke, Dominic Shakeshaft, Matt Wade, Tom Welsh
Project Manager: Debra Kelly
Copy Editor: Patrick Meader
Compositor: Lynn L’Heureux
Indexer: John Collin
Distributed to the book trade worldwide by Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 233 Spring Street, 6th Floor,
New York, NY 10013. Phone 1-800-SPRINGER, fax [phone], e-mail [email protected], or
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For my dad, who showed me that nothing stands between a bear and its honey.
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Contents at a Glance
■ About the Author.......................................................................................................xiv
■ About the Technical Reviewer....................................................................................xv
■ Acknowledgments.....................................................................................................xvi
■ Introduction..............................................................................................................xvii
■ Chapter 1: Setting Up the PHP Development Environment...........................................3
■ Chapter 2: Understanding PHP: Language Basics......................................................29
■ Chapter 3: Passing Information with PHP..................................................................69
■ Chapter 4: Working with Databases...........................................................................97
■ Chapter 5: Building the Entry Manager....................................................................125
■ Chapter 6: Adding Support for Multiple Pages.........................................................157
■ Chapter 7: Updating and Deleting Entries................................................................187
■ Chapter 8: Adding the Ability to Upload Images......................................................207
■ Chapter 9: Syndicating the Blog...............................................................................263
■ Chapter 10: Adding a Commenting System to Your Blog........................................283
■ Chapter 11: Adding Password Protection to Administrative Links..........................311
■ Chapter 12: Finishing Touches.................................................................................341
■ Index .......................................................................................................................369

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Contents
■ About the Author.......................................................................................................xiv
■ About the Technical Reviewer....................................................................................xv
■ Acknowledgments.....................................................................................................xvi
■ Introduction..............................................................................................................xvii
■ Chapter 1: Setting Up the PHP Development Environment...........................................3
Why You Need Apache, MySQL, and PHP................................................................................3
Drilling Down on PHP........................................................................................................3
Stable/Production vs. Development Releases............................................................4
How PHP Works..........................................................................................................4
Server-Side vs. Client-Side Scripting.........................................................................4
What Apache Does......................................................................................................5
Store Info with MySQL......................................................................................................5
Installing PHP, Apache, and MySQL (the Hard Way)................................................................6
Installation Made Easy......................................................................................................6
Installing XAMPP...............................................................................................................6
Step 1: Download XAMPP...........................................................................................7
Step 2: Open the Installer and Follow the Instructions...............................................7
Step 3: Test XAMPP to Ensure Proper Installation....................................................11
Choosing a Development Kit.................................................................................................15
Benefiting from SDKs and IDEs.......................................................................................15
Choosing the Right SDK..................................................................................................18
The Eclipse Foundation and PDT..............................................................................18
Installing and Using the Eclipse PDT.....................................................................................18
Step 1: Downloading the PDT.........................................................................................19
Step 2: Unpacking the PDT Archive................................................................................19
Step 3: Choosing Your Project Workspace.....................................................................20
Step 4: Creating Your First Project.................................................................................23
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■ CONTENTS

Step 5: Creating a File....................................................................................................26
Step 6: Writing Your First Script.....................................................................................27
Summary...............................................................................................................................28
■ Chapter 2: Understanding PHP: Language Basics......................................................29
Embedding PHP Scripts.........................................................................................................29
Alternative Delimiters.....................................................................................................30
Short Tags................................................................................................................31
HTML <script> Tags and ASP-Style Delimiters........................................................31
Variables and Datatypes........................................................................................................32
What Is a Variable?.........................................................................................................32
Storing Values in a Variable............................................................................................32
Understanding Strings..............................................................................................33
Understanding Integers............................................................................................37
Understanding Floating Point Numbers....................................................................37
Understanding Boolean Values.................................................................................37
Understanding Arrays...............................................................................................38
Sending Data to the Browser as Output................................................................................41
The Different Output Commands....................................................................................41
The print() Statement................................................................................................41
The echo() Statement...............................................................................................42
The printf() Statement...............................................................................................43
The sprintf() Statement.............................................................................................45
Commenting Your Code.........................................................................................................46
Inline vs. Block Comments.............................................................................................46
Other Comment Styles....................................................................................................47
Operators...............................................................................................................................47
Arithmetic Operators......................................................................................................48
Arithmetic Assignment Operators...................................................................................48
Comparison Operators....................................................................................................50
Error Control Operators...................................................................................................51
Incrementing/Decrementing Operators..........................................................................52
Logical Operators............................................................................................................52
String Operators.............................................................................................................54
Control Structures.................................................................................................................54
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if, else, and else if..........................................................................................................55
while and do-while.........................................................................................................56
for 58
foreach............................................................................................................................59
break...............................................................................................................................60
switch.............................................................................................................................61
continue..........................................................................................................................62
return..............................................................................................................................63
include, include_once, require, and require_once.........................................................63
goto.................................................................................................................................65
User-Defined.........................................................................................................................66
Returning Values from Functions.............................................................................67
Summary...............................................................................................................................68
■ Chapter 3: Passing Information with PHP..................................................................69
Superglobal Arrays................................................................................................................69
Variable Scope................................................................................................................70
$GLOBALS.......................................................................................................................73
$_SERVER.......................................................................................................................74
$_GET.............................................................................................................................77
URL Encoding............................................................................................................78
Accessing URL Variables..........................................................................................78
$_POST...........................................................................................................................82
$_REQUEST.....................................................................................................................84
$_FILES...........................................................................................................................85
$_SESSION.....................................................................................................................89
Using session_destroy()............................................................................................92
$_COOKIE........................................................................................................................93
Summary...............................................................................................................................95
■ Chapter 4: Working with Databases...........................................................................97
The Basics of MySQL Data Storage.......................................................................................97
Manipulating Data in MySQL Tables......................................................................................98
Creating and Deleting Databases...................................................................................99
Deleting Databases Using DROP...............................................................................99
Creating Databases Using CREATE.........................................................................100
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The CREATE TABLE Statement......................................................................................100
Data Types in MySQL..............................................................................................102
Understanding PRIMARY KEY..................................................................................102
Understanding AUTO_INCREMENT..........................................................................102
Indexes in MySQL...................................................................................................103
The INSERT Statement..................................................................................................103
The SELECT Statement.................................................................................................105
The UPDATE Statement.................................................................................................107
The JOIN Statement......................................................................................................108
The DELETE Statement.................................................................................................109
Opening a Connection.........................................................................................................109
PHP’s MySQL Extension................................................................................................109
The MySQLi Extension..................................................................................................111
Using Prepared Statements....................................................................................111
Using MySQLi..........................................................................................................112
Using Prepared Statements with MySQLi...............................................................113
PHP Data Objects (PDO)................................................................................................116
Rewriting Your Example in PDO..............................................................................116
Table Structure and a Crash Course in Planning.................................................................118
Planning Database Tables............................................................................................118
The Shortcut Selector (*).............................................................................................122
Summary.............................................................................................................................122
Recommended Reading................................................................................................122
■ Chapter 5: Building the Entry Manager....................................................................125
Planning the Entry Database Table.....................................................................................125
Creating the Entry Input Form.............................................................................................128
Create a Script to Process the Form Input..........................................................................132
Performing the Initial Verification.................................................................................133
Connect to the Database..............................................................................................134
Keeping Database Credentials Separate................................................................134
Connecting to the Database in update.inc.php.......................................................135
Save the Entry to the Database....................................................................................135
Retrieve the Entry’s Unique ID and Display the Entry to the User.................................136
Displaying the Saved Entries...............................................................................................138
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