Approved by The Florida State Board of Cosmetology

112 Pages·2013·1.23 MB·English

Approved by
The Florida State Board of Cosmetology
Florida 16 Hour Online Hair Braiding Course (16 hours)

HIV/AIDS and other Communicable Diseases (5 hours)
Sanitation (5 hours)
Diseases and Disorders of the Scalp (4 hours)
State Law (2 hours)
Presented by
ContinuingCosmetology.com
PO Box 691296 Orlando, Florida 32869
407.435.9837
Licensed by the Department of Business and Professional Regulation
Florida State Board of Cosmetology CE Provider
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Florida 16 Hour Online Hair Braiding Course (16 hours)

Subject page

HIV/AIDS and o ther Communicable Diseases (5 hours) 2
Sanitation (5 hours) 27
Diseases and Disorders of the Scalp (4 hours) 46
Laws and Rules (2 hours) 69
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HIV/AIDS (5 hours)
Outline
• Modes of Transmission
• Infection Control Procedures
• Clinical Management
• Prevention of HIV and AIDS
• Attitudes towards HIV and AIDS
• Appropriate behavior in dealing with persons who may have the virus or syndrome
• Tuberculosis
• Hepatitis
• MRSA
• Flesh Eating Disease
• Influenza
• Legionnaires' disease
Learning objectives
After completing this lesson you will be able to:
• define HIV
• define AIDS
• identify the modes of transmission of the HIV virus
• describe HIV infection control procedures
• explain clinical management of HIV and AIDS
• identify methods of prevention of HIV and AIDS
• describe attitudes towards HIV and AIDS
• explain appropriate behavior in dealing with persons who may have HIV and AIDS
• explain how you know that you have been infected with HIV
• describe the challenges of preventing HIV infection
• describe types of stigma associated with HIV and AIDS
• define tuberculosis
• describe how TB is spread
• identify signs of TB
• explain risk factors
• define hepatitis
• identify the various types of viral hepatits
• explain how hepatitis is spread
• define MRSA and describe how it is spread
• identify types of flesh-eating disease
• describe how flesh-eating disease is spread
• define Influenza and how it is spread
• identify ways to prevent the spread of Influenza
• explain legionnaires' disease and how it can be spread
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Subject Introduction
The purpose of this study is to review key facts regarding major health concerns involving HIV
infection and other Communicable Diseases. We will learn how to control the spread of these
diseases by identifying the ways they can be transmitted and to learn infection control
procedures. We will discuss how the health care industry approaches clinical management of
these diseases. Also we will review the importance that attitudes play in the appropriate
behavior in dealing with persons who have the HIV virus to include it's challenges and stigmas.
HIV/AIDS Defined
HIV is the acronym (a word formed from the initial letters or groups of letters of words in a
set phrase or series of words) for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. This virus causes AIDS.
Being infected with HIV, however, is not the same as having AIDS. People who have tested
positive for HIV have been known to stay healthy for years, even decades, with proper
treatment. Over time, in many cases, a long time, HIV slowly weakens the immune system
until AIDS develops.
AIDS is the acrostic (first, last, or other particular letters when taken in order spell out a word
or phrase) for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. In medicine, a syndrome is a group of
symptoms that all together indicate the presence of a disease. When a person has AIDS, his or
her body has been weakened to the point where it is not longer able to effectively fight disease.
As a result, many other health problems develop when a person has AIDS.
HIV, unlike some other viruses, the human body cannot get rid of HIV. That means that once
you have HIV, you have it for life. No safe and effective cure currently exists, but scientists are
working hard to find one, and remain hopeful. Meanwhile, with proper medical care, HIV can
be controlled.
Treatment for HIV is often called anti-retro-viral therapy or ART. It can dramatically prolong
the lives of many people infected with HIV and lower their chance of infecting others. Before
the introduction of ART in the mid-1990s, people with HIV could progress to AIDS in just a
few years. Today, someone diagnosed with HIV and treated before the disease is far advanced
can have a nearly normal life expectancy.
HIV affects specific cells of the immune system, called CD4 cells, or T cells. Over time, HIV
can destroy so many of these cells that the body can’t fight off infections and disease. When
this happens, HIV infection leads to AIDS.
Only certain fluids—blood, semen (cum), pre-seminal fluid (pre-cum), rectal fluids, vaginal
fluids, and breast milk—from an HIV-infected person can transmit HIV. These fluids must
come in contact with a mucous membrane or damaged tissue or be directly injected into the
bloodstream (from a needle or syringe) for transmission to possibly occur. Mucous membranes
can be found inside the rectum, the vagina, the opening of the penis, and the mouth.
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Modes of Transmission
How is HIV passed from one person to another?
In the United States, HIV is spread mainly by
• Having unprotected sex (sex without a condom) with someone who has HIV.
• Anal sex is the highest-risk sexual behavior. Receptive anal sex (bottoming) is
riskier than insertive anal sex (topping).
• Vaginal sex is the second highest-risk sexual behavior.
• Having multiple sex partners or having other sexually transmitted infections can
increase the risk of infection through sex.
• Sharing needles, syringes, rinse water, or other equipment (works) used to prepare
injection drugs with someone who has HIV.
Less commonly, HIV may be spread by
• Being born to an infected mother. HIV can be passed from mother to child during
pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding.
• Being stuck with an HIV-contaminated needle or other sharp object. This is a risk mainly
for health care workers.
• Receiving blood transfusions, blood products, or organ/tissue transplants that are
contaminated with HIV. This risk is extremely small because of rigorous testing of the
US blood supply and donated organs and tissues.
• Eating food that has been pre-chewed by an HIV-infected person. The contamination
occurs when infected blood from a caregiver’s mouth mixes with food while chewing,
and is very rare.
• Being bitten by a person with HIV. Each of the very small number of documented cases
has involved severe trauma with extensive tissue damage and the presence of blood.
There is no risk of transmission if the skin is not broken.
• Oral sex—using the mouth to stimulate the penis, vagina, or anus (fellatio, cunnilingus,
and rimming). Giving fellatio (mouth to penis oral sex) and having the person ejaculate
(cum) in your mouth is riskier than other types of oral sex.
• Contact between broken skin, wounds, or mucous membranes and HIV-infected blood or
blood-contaminated body fluids. These reports have also been extremely rare.
• Deep, open-mouth kissing if the person with HIV has sores or bleeding gums and blood
is exchanged. HIV is not spread through saliva. Transmission through kissing alone is
extremely rare.
How well does HIV survive outside the body?
HIV does not survive long outside the human body (such as on surfaces), and it cannot
reproduce.
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It is not spread by
• Air or water.
• Insects, including mosquitoes or ticks.
• Saliva, tears, or sweat. There is no documented case of HIV being transmitted by
spitting.
• Casual contact like shaking hands or sharing dishes.
• Closed-mouth or “social” kissing
• Toilet seats.
Is there a connection between HIV and other sexually transmitted infections?
Yes. Having a sexually transmitted infection (STI) can increase the risk of getting or spreading
HIV. If you are HIV-negative but have an STI, you are at least 2 to 5 times as likely to get HIV
if you have unprotected sex with someone who has HIV. There are two ways that having an STI
can increase the likelihood of getting HIV.
If the STI causes irritation of the skin (e.g., from syphilis, herpes, or human papillomavirus),
breaks or sores may make it easier for HIV to enter the body during sexual contact. Even STIs
that cause no breaks or open sores (e.g., chlamydia, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis) can increase
your risk by causing inflammation that increases the number of cells that can serve as targets
for HIV.
If you are HIV-positive and also infected with another STI, you are 3 to 5 times as likely as
other HIV-infected people to spread HIV through sexual contact. This appears to happen
because there is an increased concentration of HIV in the semen and genital fluids of HIV-
positive people who also are infected with another STI.
Can I get HIV from injecting drugs?
Yes. At the start of every injection, blood gets into the needle and syringe, and some remains
there after use. HIV can be found in the blood of a person infected with the virus. The reuse of
an HIV-contaminated needle or syringe by another drug injector (sometimes called direct
syringe sharing) carries a high risk of HIV transmission because infected blood can be injected
directly into the bloodstream.
Sharing drug equipment (or works) can also be a risk for spreading HIV. Infected blood can get
into drug solutions by
• Using blood-contaminated syringes to prepare drugs.
• Reusing water.
• Reusing bottle caps, spoons, or other containers (cookers) to dissolve drugs in water and
to heat drug solutions.
• Reusing small pieces of cotton or cigarette filters (cottons) to filter out particles that
could block the needle.
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“Street sellers” of syringes may repackage used syringes and sell them as sterile syringes. For
this reason, people who continue to inject drugs should get syringes from reliable sources of
sterile syringes, such as pharmacies or needle-exchange programs.
It is important to know that sharing a needle or syringe for any use, including skin popping and
injecting steroids, hormones, or silicone, can put you at risk for HIV and other blood-borne
infections.
Can I get HIV from using other kinds of drugs?
Not directly, but drinking alcohol or taking drugs that aren’t injected can increase your risk for
HIV. Being drunk or high affects your ability to make safe choices and lowers your inhibitions,
which may lead you to take risks you are less likely to take when sober, such as having sex
without a condom.
Methamphetamine (meth) is a very addictive stimulant that can be snorted, smoked, or injected.
Even though using meth is an HIV risk factor for anyone who does it, there is a strong link
between meth use and HIV transmission for men who have sex with men (MSM).
MSM who use meth may increase their sexual and drug-use risk factors. They may
• Use condoms less often.
• Have more sex partners and have sex over a longer period of time.
• Engage in unprotected anal sex—especially as the receptive partner.
• Inject meth instead of smoking or snorting it.
Drinking alcohol, particularly binge drinking, and using “club drugs” like Ecstasy, ketamine,
GHB, and poppers can alter your judgment and impair your decisions about sex or other drug
use. You may be more likely to have unplanned and unprotected sex or use other drugs,
including injection drugs or meth. Those behaviors can increase your risk of exposure to HIV.
If you have HIV, this can also increase your risk of spreading HIV to others. Treatment
programs can help people stop using drugs or alcohol.
If I already have HIV, can I get another kind of HIV?
Yes. This is called HIV super-infection. The new strain of HIV can replace the original strain or
remain along with the original strain. The effects of super-infection differ from person to
person. For some people, super-infection may cause them to get sicker faster because they
become infected with a new strain of the virus that is resistant to the medicines they are
currently taking to treat their original HIV infection. Research suggests that the kind of super-
infection where a person becomes infected with a new strain of HIV that is hard to treat is rare,
less than 4%.
Are health care workers at risk of getting HIV on the job?
The risk of health care workers being exposed to HIV on the job (occupational exposure) is
very low, especially if they use protective practices and personal protective equipment to
prevent HIV and other blood-borne infections.
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For health care workers on the job, the main risk of HIV transmission is through accidental
injuries from needles and other sharp instruments that may be contaminated with the virus;
however, even this risk is small. Scientists estimate that the risk of HIV infection from being
stuck with a needle used on an HIV-infected person is less than 1%.
Can I get HIV from receiving medical care?
Although HIV transmission is possible in health care settings, it is extremely rare. Careful
practice of infection control, including universal precautions (i.e., using protective practices
and personal protective equipment to prevent HIV and other blood-borne infections) protects
patients as well as health care providers from possible HIV transmission in medical and dental
offices and hospitals. The risk of getting HIV from receiving blood transfusions, blood
products, or organ/tissue transplants that are contaminated with HIV is extremely small because
of rigorous testing of the US blood supply and donated organs and tissues. It is important to
know that you cannot get HIV from donating blood. Blood collection procedures are highly
regulated and safe.
Can I get HIV from casual contact (“social kissing,” shaking hands, hugging, using a
toilet, drinking from the same glass, or the sneezing and coughing of an infected person)?
No. HIV is not spread by day-to-day contact in the workplace, schools, or social settings. HIV
is not spread through shaking hands, hugging, or a casual kiss. You cannot become infected
from a toilet seat, a drinking fountain, a door knob, dishes, drinking glasses, food, cigarettes,
pets, or insects. HIV is not spread through the air, and it does not live long outside the body.
Can I get HIV from a tattoo or a body piercing?
Tattooing or body piercing present a potential risk of HIV transmission, but no cases of HIV
transmission from these activities have been documented. Be sure that only new needles, ink,
and other supplies are used and that the person doing the procedure is properly licensed.
Can I get HIV from being spit on or scratched by an HIV-infected person?
No. HIV cannot be spread through saliva, and there is no documented case of transmission
from an HIV-infected person spitting on another person. There is no risk of transmission from
scratching because there is no transfer of body fluids between people.
Can I get HIV from mosquitoes?
No. There is no evidence of HIV transmission from mosquitoes or any other insects—even in
areas where there are many cases of HIV and large populations of mosquitoes. Unlike
organisms that are transmitted by insect bites, HIV does not reproduce (and does not survive) in
insects.
Can I get HIV from food?
Except for rare cases in which children consumed food that was pre-chewed by an HIV-
infected caregiver, HIV has not been spread through food. The virus does not live long outside
the body. You cannot get it from consuming food handled by an HIV-infected person; even if
the food contained small amounts of HIV-infected blood or semen, exposure to the air, heat
from cooking, and stomach acid would destroy the virus.
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Infection Control
Risk Behavior
The most common ways HIV is transmitted in the United States is through anal or vaginal sex
or sharing drug injection equipment with a person infected with HIV.
The following steps can reduce your risk:
• Know your HIV status. Everyone between the ages of 13 and 64 should be tested for
HIV at least once. If you are at increased risk for HIV, you should be tested for HIV at
least once a year.
• If you have HIV, you can get medical care, treatment, and supportive services to help
you stay healthy and reduce your ability to transmit the virus to others.
• If you are pregnant and find that you have HIV, treatments are available to reduce the
chance that your baby will have HIV. Locate an HIV testing site.
• Abstain from sexual activity or be in a long-term mutually monogamous relationship
with an uninfected partner.
• Limit your number of sex partners. The fewer partners you have, the less likely you are
to encounter someone who is infected with HIV or another STD.
• Use condoms correctly and consistently. Latex condoms are highly effective at
preventing transmission of HIV and some other sexually transmitted diseases. “Natural”
or lambskin condoms do not provide sufficient protection against HIV infection.
• Get tested and treated for STDs and insist that your partners do too. Locate an STD
testing site.
• Male circumcision has also been shown to reduce the risk of HIV transmission from
women to men during vaginal sex.
• Do not inject drugs. If you inject drugs, you should get counseling and treatment to stop
or reduce your drug use. If you cannot stop injecting drugs, use clean needles and works
when injecting. Locate resources on substance abuse treatment.
• Obtain medical treatment immediately if you think you were exposed to HIV.
Sometimes, HIV medications can prevent infection if they are started quickly. This is
called post-exposure prophylaxis.
• Participate in risk reduction programs. Programs exist to help people make healthy
decisions, such as negotiating condom use or discussing HIV status. Your health
department can refer you to programs in your area.
PrEP
Pre-exposure prophylaxis, or PrEP, is a prevention option for people who are at high risk of
getting HIV. It’s meant to be used consistently, as a pill taken every day, and to be used with
other prevention options such as condoms.
What is PrEP?
“PrEP” stands for Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis. The word “prophylaxis” means to prevent or
control the spread of an infection or disease.
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The goal of PrEP is to prevent HIV infection from taking hold if you are exposed to the virus.
This is done by taking a pill that contains two HIV medications every day. These are the same
medicines used to stop virus growing in people who are already infected.
Why take PrEP?
The HIV epidemic in the United States is growing. There are about 50,000 new HIV infections
each year. These infections are happening more often in some groups of people and some areas
of the country than in others.
Clinical Management
Testing: Getting an HIV test is the only way to know if you have HIV.
Should I get tested for HIV?
The Center for Disease Control recommends that health care providers test everyone
between the ages of 13 and 64 at least once as part of routine health care. Almost one in five
people in the United States who have HIV do not know they are infected.
HIV is spread through unprotected sex and drug-injecting behaviors (plus mother to child), so
people who engage in these behaviors should get tested more often.
If you answer yes to any of the following questions, you should definitely get an HIV test:
• Have you had unprotected sex (sex without a condom)—anal, vaginal, or oral—with
men who have sex with men or with multiple partners since your last HIV test?
• Have you injected drugs (including steroids, hormones, or silicone) and shared
equipment (or works, such as needles and syringes) with others?
• Have you exchanged sex for drugs or money?
• Have you been diagnosed with or sought treatment for a sexually transmitted infection
(STI), like syphilis?
• Have you been diagnosed with or sought treatment for hepatitis or tuberculosis (TB)?
• Have you had unprotected sex with someone who could answer yes to any of the above
questions or someone whose history you don’t know?
If you continue having unsafe sex or sharing injection drug equipment, you should get tested at
least once a year. Sexually active gay and bisexual men may benefit from more frequent testing
(e.g., every 3 to 6 months).
You should also get tested if
• You have been sexually assaulted.
• You are a woman who is planning to get pregnant or who is pregnant.
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