Appropriate Use Criteria for Non-Arthroplasty Treatment

321 Pages·2013·4.39 MB·English

APPROPRIATE USE CRITERIA
FOR NON-ARTHROPLASTY TREATMENT
OF OSTEOARTHRITIS OF THE KNEE

Adopted by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
Board of Directors
12-06-13
Disclaimer
Volunteer physicians from multiple medical specialties created and categorized these
Appropriate Use Criteria. These Appropriate Use Criteria are not intended to be comprehensive
or a fixed protocol, as some patients may require more or less treatment or different means of
diagnosis. These Appropriate Use Criteria represent patients and situations that clinicians
treating or diagnosing musculoskeletal conditions are most likely to encounter. The clinician’s
independent medical judgment, given the individual patient’s clinical circumstances, should
always determine patient care and treatment.
Disclosure Requirement
In accordance with American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons policy, all individuals whose
names appear as authors or contributors to this document filed a disclosure statement as part of
the submission process. All authors provided full disclosure of potential conflicts of interest prior
to participation in the development of these Appropriate Use Criteria. Disclosure information for
all panel members can be found in Appendix B.
Funding Source
The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons exclusively funded development of these
Appropriate Use Criteria. The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons received no funding
from outside commercial sources to support the development of these Appropriate Use Criteria.
FDA Clearance
Some drugs or medical devices referenced or described in this document may not have been
cleared by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or may have been cleared for a specific use
only. The FDA has stated that it is the responsibility of the physician to determine the FDA
clearance status of each drug or device he or she wishes to use in clinical practice.
Copyright
All rights reserved. Reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission, in any form, or
by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, of any part of this
document, requires prior written permission from the American Academy of Orthopaedic
Surgeons.
Published 2013 by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
6300 North River Road
Rosemont, IL 60018
First Edition
Copyright 2013 by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
The AAOS Appropriate Use Criteria
for Non-Arthroplasty Treatment of Osteoarthritis of the Knee
is also available on our website at
www.aaos.org/auc

To access the AUC web-based application, please visit
www.aaos.org/aucapp

To access the interactive literature review used for this AUC please
visit:
http://aaos.webauthor.com/go/peer/
Table of Contents
Non-Arthroplasty Treatment of Osteoarthritis of the Knee AUC Writing Panel ........................ i
Non-Arthroplasty Treatment of Osteoarthritis of the Knee AUC Review Panel ........................ i
Non-Arthroplasty Treatment of Osteoarthritis of the Knee AUC Voting Panel ........................ ii
Voting Panel Round Two Discussion Moderators..................................................................... iii
AUC Section Leader, Committee on Evidence-Based Quality and Value ................................ iii
AAOS AUC Section, Committee on Evidence-Based Quality and Value ................................ iii
Committee on Evidence-Based Quality and Value Chair.......................................................... iii
Council on Research and Quality Chair..................................................................................... iii
AAOS Staff ................................................................................................................................ iii
I. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................1
Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 1
II. METHODS ..............................................................................................................................5
Developing Criteria ..................................................................................................................... 5
Formulating Indications and Scenarios ................................................................................... 6
Creating Definitions and Assumptions ................................................................................... 7
Literature Review........................................................................................................................ 9
Reviewing Scenarios ................................................................................................................... 9
Determining Appropriateness ..................................................................................................... 9
Voting Panel............................................................................................................................ 9
Rating Appropriateness ......................................................................................................... 10
Round One Voting ................................................................................................................ 11
Round Two Voting ............................................................................................................... 11
Final Ratings ......................................................................................................................... 11
Revision Plans ........................................................................................................................... 12
Disseminating Appropriate Use Criteria ................................................................................... 13
III. PATIENT INDICATIONS AND TREATMENTS ...............................................................14
Indications ................................................................................................................................. 14
Treatments................................................................................................................................. 15
IV. RESULTS OF APPROPRIATENESS RATINGS ................................................................16
Appropriate Use Criteria for Non-Arthroplasty Treatment of Osteoarthritis of the Knee ....... 20
Appendices .............................................................................................................................. 308
Appendix A. Documentation of Approval .......................................................................... 309
Appendix B. Disclosure Information .................................................................................. 310
Appendix C. References ..................................................................................................... 313
Appendix D. Study Attrition Chart 2013 CPG vs. 2013 AUC ........................................... 314
NON-ARTHROPLASTY TREATMENT OF OSTEOARTHRITIS OF THE KNEE AUC
WRITING PANEL

David F. Dalury, MD
The Knee Society

Brian J. McGrory, MD
Craig J. Della Valle, MD American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons
Knee Society

Jennifer Stevens-Lapsley, PT, PhD
Mark I. Ellen, MD American Physical Therapy Association
American Academy of Physical Medicine and
Rehabilitation
AJ Yates, Jr., MD

American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons
Eric P. Gall, MD, MACP, MACR
Arthritis Foundation

NON-ARTHROPLASTY TREATMENT OF OSTEOARTHRITIS OF THE KNEE AUC
REVIEW PANEL

Miguel A. Ayerza, MD, PhD
Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons Kent Kwoh, MD
Arthritis Foundation
Santiago de Solo, MD
Arthritis Foundation Amanda Nelson, MD

Robin Dore, MD Lee Rosenzweig, PT, DPT, CHT
Arthritis Foundation

James A. Shaw, MD
G. Kelley Fitzgerald, PT, PhD, FAPTA Knee Society
American Physical Therapy Association

Jasvinder Singh, MD
E. Robert Harris, MD American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons
Mark Spangehl, MD
Richard Haynes, MD Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons
Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons
Audrey Tsao, MD
William M. Jones, MD Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons
American Academy of Physical Medicine and
Rehabilitation Joseph Zeni, PT, PhD
American Physical Therapy Association
Jeffrey Katz, MD

i
NON-ARTHROPLASTY TREATMENT OF OSTEOARTHRITIS OF THE KNEE AUC
VOTING PANEL

Joel Block, MD
Brian McCardel, MD
Pablo Castaneda, MD American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons
Arvind D. Nana, MD, MBA
Dennis Chin, MD Musculoskeletal Infection Society
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
Harold W. Rees, MD
T. Derek V. Cooke, MA, MB, BChir, FRCS(C) American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons
Peter F. Sharkey, MD
Charles M. Davis, III, MD, PhD Knee Society
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
Terence W. Starz, MD
Yvonne Golightly, PT, MS, PhD Arthritis Foundation

T. David Hayes, MD Kimberly Templeton, MD
Knee Society Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons

Kenneth Jaffe, MD Kevin R. Vincent, MD, PhD
Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons American Academy of Physical Medicine and
Rehabilitation
Nancy E. Lane, MD

ii
VOTING PANEL ROUND TWO DISCUSSION MODERATORS
James O. Sanders, MD
Michael Heggeness, MD

AUC SECTION LEADER, COMMITTEE ON EVIDENCE-BASED QUALITY AND
VALUE
James O. Sanders, MD

AAOS AUC SECTION, COMMITTEE ON EVIDENCE-BASED QUALITY AND VALUE
Brent Graham, MD Michael Warren Keith, MD
Michael H. Heggeness, MD Charles T. Mehlman, DO, MPH

COMMITTEE ON EVIDENCE-BASED QUALITY AND VALUE CHAIR
David S. Jevsevar, MD, MBA
COUNCIL ON RESEARCH AND QUALITY CHAIR
Kevin J. Bozic, MD, MBA
AAOS STAFF
Deborah Cummins, PhD Jayson Murray, MA
Director of Research and Scientific Affairs Manager, Evidence-Based Medicine Unit
Phone: [phone] Phone: [phone]
E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Ryan Pezold, MA Anne Woznica, MLS
Evidence-Based Medicine Research Analyst Medical Librarian

Patrick Donnelly, MA Leeaht Gross, MPH
Evidence-Based Medicine Research Analyst Evidence-Based Medicine Coordinator

Yasseline Martinez
Evidence-Based Medicine Administrative Assistant
iii
I. INTRODUCTION
OVERVIEW
The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) has developed these Appropriate Use
Criteria (AUC) to determine appropriateness of non-arthroplasty treatment for osteoarthritis of
the knee. An “appropriate” healthcare service is one for which the expected health benefits
exceed the expected negative consequences by a sufficiently wide margin.2 Evidence-based
information, in conjunction with the clinical expertise of physicians from multiple medical
specialties, was used to develop the criteria in order to improve patient care and obtain the best
outcomes while considering the subtleties and distinctions necessary in making clinical
decisions. The foundation for this AUC is the 2013 Treatment of Osteoarthritis of the Knee
Clinical Practice Guideline, which can be accessed via the following link:
http://www.aaos.org/research/guidelines/TreatmentofOsteoarthritisoftheKneeGuideline.pdf
The purpose of this AUC is to help determine the appropriateness of clinical practice guideline
recommendations for the heterogeneous patient population routinely seen in practice. The best
available scientific evidence is synthesized with collective expert opinion on topics where gold
standard randomized clinical trials are not available or are inadequately detailed for identifying
distinct patient types. When there is evidence corroborated by consensus that expected benefits
substantially outweigh potential risks, exclusive of cost, a procedure is determined to be
appropriate. The AAOS uses the RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method (RAM).2 Our process
includes these steps: reviewing the results of the evidence analysis, compiling a list of clinical
vignettes, and having an expert panel comprised of representatives from multiple medical
specialties to determine the appropriateness of each of the clinical indications for treatment as
“Appropriate,” “May be Appropriate,” or “Rarely Appropriate.”

To access an intuitive and more user-friendly version of the appropriate use criteria for this topic
online, please visit our AUC web-based application at www.aaos.org/aucapp.

These criteria should not be construed as including all indications or excluding indications
reasonably directed to obtaining the same results. The criteria intend to address the most
common clinical scenarios facing all appropriately trained surgeons and all qualified physicians
managing patients under consideration for managing osteoarthritis of the knee. The ultimate
judgment regarding any specific criteria should address all circumstances presented by the
patient and the needs and resources particular to the locality or institution. It is also important to
state that these criteria were developed as guidelines and are not meant to supersede clinician
expertise and experience or patient preference.

INTERPRETING THE APPROPRIATENESS RATINGS
To prevent misuse of these criteria, it is extremely important that the user of this document
understands how to interpret the appropriateness ratings. The appropriateness rating scale ranges
from one to nine and there are three main range categories that determine how the median rating
is defined (i.e. 1-3 = “Rarely Appropriate”, 4-6 = “May Be Appropriate”, and 7-9 =
“Appropriate”). Before these appropriate use criteria are consulted, the user should read through
and understand all contents of this document.

1
AAOS Evidence-Based Medicine Unit
AAOS AUC Web-Based Application: www.aaos.org/aucapp
ASSUMPTIONS OF THE WRITING PANEL
BEFORE THESE APPROPRIATE USE CRITERIA ARE CONSULTED, IT IS ASSUMED
THAT:
1. The clinician knows the contraindication to the utilization of certain medications and the
anesthetic or important surgical contraindications to operative interventions.
2. Prescription of narcotic medicine for refractory pain (oral or transcutaneous opioids)
should be monitored, intermittent or low dose in conjunction with other therapies
3. The patient has a diagnosis of osteoarthritis of the knee.
4. The patient is symptomatic including pain, instability, stiffness, and/or deformity that
leads to loss of function.
5. The patient’s symptoms are consistent with the history, physical exam, and imaging
findings.
6. The imaging findings are consistent with osteoarthritis (joint space narrowing, sclerosis,
and osteophytes).
7. AP and/or PA-flexion weight-bearing, lateral, and patellar view radiographs are obtained.
8. If a patient has a bmi ≥ 30, discussion of and/or referral for weight loss and nutritional
counseling is strongly recommended.
9. The physical examination, history, and imaging studies have excluded the following
potential causes of knee pain:
 Referred pain from the spine
 Ipsilateral hip arthritis
 Ankle/foot deformity
 Vascular disease (arterial or venous)
 Non-articular causes of knee pain including soft-tissue disorders
 Neoplasm
 Neuropathy
 Stress fractures, insufficiency fracture, osteonecrosis, or symptomatic metabolic
bone disease
2
AAOS Evidence-Based Medicine Unit
AAOS AUC Web-Based Application: www.aaos.org/aucapp
10. The physician has an informed discussion with the patient about the treatment options
and that the optimum treatment options may change over time for the patient. Before
operative intervention is recommended, the appropriateness and potential efficacy of non-
operative intervention has been considered.

11. There will be patients for whom arthroplasty may be the most appropriate treatment, but
the appropriateness of arthroplasty was not considered in these appropriate use criteria.

12. At the time of the development of these appropriate use criteria, the SNRI were not part
of the guideline and were not part of the data analyzed. Therefore, they were not
considered as a treatment.

CONDITIONS NOT COVERED IN THIS AUC
1. Inflammatory disorders that are the likely cause of the knee pain
2. Asymptomatic patients
3. Growth factor injections and platelet rich plasma

PATIENT POPULATION
This AUC is intended for use with adults (ages 19 years and older) who have been diagnosed by a
physician with osteoarthritis of the knee and are undergoing treatment.

SCOPE
The scope of these appropriate use criteria includes nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic
interventions for symptomatic osteoarthritis of the knee as well as operative procedures less invasive
than knee replacement (arthroplasty). It does not provide recommendations for patients diagnosed
with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis of other joints, or other inflammatory arthropathies.

ETIOLOGY
Osteoarthritis results from an imbalance between breakdown and repair of the tissues in the synovial
joint organ and occurs as a result of multiple risk factors including trauma, overuse, and genetic
predisposition. 1

INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE
The incidence of knee osteoarthritis in the United States is estimated at 240 persons per 100,000 per
year. 1

BURDEN OF DISEASE
Osteoarthritis (of any joint) was the primary diagnosis that led to 11.3 million ambulatory care visits
in 2009. It was estimated that 9.9 million adults had symptomatic osteoarthritis of the knee in 2010.
Risk factors of the condition increase with age, especially in women. Anywhere from 6%-13% in
men and 7%-19% in women over 45 years of age have osteoarthritis of the knee, suggesting that the
risk in women is 45% higher than in men. Genetics, large body mass, certain occupations, repetitive
3
AAOS Evidence-Based Medicine Unit
AAOS AUC Web-Based Application: www.aaos.org/aucapp