APPROPRIATE INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY FOR SUGAR. MONOGRAPHS ON APPROPRIATE ...

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Ul'cTfED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPME1'tl ORGA~~1ZATION
Vienna
Monograpm on Appropriate Ind.mat Technology
No. 8,
APPROPRTA'l'W
TNT\TT~'TRIAL
- - ...... ..&.. '-L..L 1. .... .L..J .1....1. ... i.J '-J """ ..&..
TECHNOLOGY FOR
SUGAR
l
'
UNITED NATIDNS
York~9-80
New
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply
the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the Unit~d Nations
concerning the legal status of any country. 1erritory. city or area or of its authorities. or concerning
the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
Mention of firm names and commercial products does not imply the endorsem~nt of the United
Nations Industrial Development Organizati<'n (UNIDO).
Material in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted. but acknowledgement is
requested. together with a copy of tile publication co:rtaining the quotation or reprint.
All the material selected for the monographs has been revised by the secretariat of UNIDO to
rr.::~t space and publication requirements. The views expressd are those of the authors named and
do not necessarily reflect those of the sec:etariat of UNIDO.
EXPLANATORY NOTES
A full stop (.) is used to indicate decimals.
A comma (,) is used to distinguish thou'iands and millions.
A slash (/)is used to indicate .. per", for example t/a = tonnes per annum.
A slash between dates (for examp!e, 1979/80) indicate~ an academic, crop or
fiscal year.
A dash between dates (for example, 1970-1979) indicates the full period,
including the beginning an3 end yec:rs.
References to dollars ($) are to United States dollar:..
References to rupees (Rs) are to Indian rupees. In October 1978 the value of
the rupee in relati0n to the dollar was $I = Rs 7.90,
The word billion means 1,000 million.
The word lakh means 100,000.
The foilowing notes arply to tables:
Three dots ( ... ) indicate that data are not available or are not sepa
rately reported.
l A da:;h (-) indicates that the amount is nii or negligible.
A blank indicates that the item is not applicable.
Totals may not add precisely becauSP. of rounding.
In addition to the common abbreviations, symbols and terms c..nd those
accepted by the Ir.temational System of Units (SI), the following have been
used:
OrganmtiobS
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
I CUMS A Internationai Commission for Uniform Mett.ods of Sugar
Analysis
ILO International Labour Organisation
Other abbreviations and symbols
=
acre 1 acre 0.405 ha
BX Brix
cfm cubic foot ner n.inute
ft foot (1 ft = 30.5 cm)
hp horsepower (1 hp ::'. 0. 75 kW)
in. inch (1 in. = 2.54 cm)
MVP mini v~cuum-pan
v
EXPLh:'~ATORY NOTES fcontinued)
NPV ;iet present value
OP open-pan
quintal 100 kg
rpm rcvolutior. per minute
tcd tor.ne of cane per day
tch tonne of cane per hour
tsa tonne of sugar per annum
VP vacuum-pan
WG water (pressure) gatJge
;.
1.. concepr of appropriare t.!clmo/ogy was dewed as being rhe
tt:dmvlvgy mix colllributing most to economic, social and em·iromm.·m!tl
objectil:es, in relation 10 resource t!mlowmen:s and conditions of applim
tion in each coulllry. Appropriate technology u·as stressed as being a
dynamic and flexible concept, .,·hich mt1st he responsin' to rnrying
conditions 'ind changing sitllativns in dijferelll coulllries.
It was considered that, u·ith widely dii·ergem ,_·011ditions in dneloping
countries, no single pattern of technology or technologies could he con
sidered as being appropriate, and that a broad spectrum of technologies
should be exa ·nined and applied. An important overall objectil·e of
appropriate technological choice would be the achiei•emem of greater
1edrno/ogical self-reliance and increased domestic teclmofogical capa
b1/ity, together with fulfilmelll of other deve1opmelllal goals. It was noted
chat, in most developing coumries, a major d!!i·elopmelll objectfr:! in1s 10
provide adequate emplnymem opporlllnitfes and fulfilmelll of basic
socio-economic needs of the poorer communities, mostly residem in rural
areas. At the same time, some de1:eloping coumries were faced with
considerable shortage of man1/ower resources; in some other cases,
grei.ter emphasis was esscmial in areas 1>f urban concentration. The
appropriate pattern of technological choice and appL:ation w1ntld need
to be determined i'' the context of socio-economic objectii•es and a gfren
set of circumstances. The selection and applicatim: of appropriate teclmo
/ogy would, the refo re, imply tht use of both /urge-scale technologies
:md low-cost small-scale technologies dependellt on objectives in a gii·en
set of circumstances.
Report of the Ministerial-level Meeting. Interna
tional Forum on Appropriate Industrial Tec~nol11gy
I ii
CONTENTS
Page
ForeH1ord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x1
Prefa ce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
PART ONE
Issues and considerations
Note by the secretariat of UNIDO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Report of the Working Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
PART1WO
Selected background papers
l
APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY IN CANE-SUGAR PRODUCTION ) l-i ! ~ •
B. A. Bhat and F. Duguid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
TECHNOLOGICAL CHOICES IN SUGAR PROCESSING -'
G. B. Hage/berg and£. W. Krause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
CANE-SUGAR PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES IN DEVELOPING
-l :. l •
COUNTRIES l- :_,
J. M. Paturau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
MINI SUGAR TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA _,, : - '
M. K. Garg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY FOR PRODUCTION OF SUGAR .
AND OTHER SWEETENING AGENTS _, •
K. K. Gupta, N. C. Jain and N. A. Ramaiah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
TECHNOLOGY PLANNING FACTORS IN THE CANE-SUGAR ( , .
INDUSTRY
M. H. Tantawi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
.
;' ( ' '
BY-PRODUCTS OF THE SUGAR INDUSTRY IN CUBA () ', -~ _, -· •
0. A/mazim de/ Olmo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
ix
CONTENTS (continued)
Annexes
I. Selected docu nentation published or compiled by UNIDO relating to
,he subject . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
II. Working Group participants and observers ....................... 88
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Foreword
As part of its effort to foster tJle rapid industrialization of developing
coun_tries. the L 1ited Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO).
since its inception in 196 7. has been concerned with the general problem of
developing and transferring industrial technology. The Second Gen·~ral
Conference of UNIDO. held at Lima. Peru. in March 1975. gave UNIDO :he
specific mandate to deal in depth with the subject nf appropriate industrial
technology. Accordingly, UNIDO has iniliated a concerted effort to develop a
set of measures to promote the choice and applicition of appropriate technology
in developing countries.
Appropriate industrial technology should not be i\olated from the general
development objective of rapid · nd broad-based industrial growth. It is
necessary to focus attention on basic indJstrial development strategies and
derive from ti.em the appropriate technology path that has to be taken.
The Lima target which, expressed in quantitative terms. is a 25 per cent
shar~ of world industrial production fur the developing countries by the year
2000, has qualitative implications as well. These comprise three essential
clements: fulfilling basic socio-economic needs, ens~ring maximum
development of human resources, and achieving greater social justice through
more equitable income distribution. Rapid industrialization dots not conflict with
these aspirations; on the contrary, it is a prerequisite to realizing them. But, in
questioning the basic aims of development. we also question the basic
structure of industrial growth and the technology patterns it implies.
Furthermore. it is easy to see th3t the structure of industrial growth that
should he envisaged and the corrcsp~qding structure o~ technology flows should
be ditkrcr:t from what they are today; a fresh approach is called for. This docs
P.ot mean that the flow of technology to the modern sector and the application of
advancl'd technologies are unnecessary. On the contrary. 1t is essential to
upgrade the technology base in general, and it is obvious that to provide basic
goods and services, there ar~ sectors of industry where advanced or improved
technology is clearly necessary. It would be difficult to envisage a situation
where the dynamic influence of modern technology is no longer available for
industrial growth and development in gt;neral. Ho..vever, an examination of the
basic aims cf industrial dcvelo~rr,.:nt leads to the conclusion that there must he
greater decentraliz~tion of ind•~st•y and reorientation of the design and structure
c~ production.
Such decentralized industry in the 1.1cvcloping countries crills for
technologies and policy rr.casures ;hat often have to be different from those
designed for the production of items for a different environment, that of the
developed countries. As a resLJlt, there is a two-fold. or dualistic. approach to
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need to be not only interrelated but also integrated.
In
approaching the question of app:.-opriate industrial technology from an
examination of basic development needs. a mechanism is necessary to Iin~ and
integrate appropriate industrial technology to the overall development process.
Through such a process the con~cpt of appropriate industrial t"chnology could
be placed in the mainstream of the industrial development effort.
It i~ hoped that these monographs will provide a basis for a better
understanding of the concept and use ~ ~ appropriate industrial technology and
thereby contribute to increased co-operatipn between developing and
developed ~01.1ntries and among the developing countries themselves.
It is als, · hoped that the various programmes of action contained in the
monographs wilt be considered not only by the forthcoming meetings of the
United Nations Conference of Science and Technology for Development and
UNIDO III but also by interested persons working at the interface over the
coming years.
Abel-El Khane
Rahm~n
Executive Director
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