Approaches to Plant Stress and their Management PDF
Preview Approaches to Plant Stress and their Management
R.K. Gaur · Pradeep Sharma Editors Approaches to Plant Stress and their Management Approaches to Plant Stress and their Management R.K. Gaur (cid:129) Pradeep Sharma Editors Approaches to Plant Stress and their Management Editors Dr.R.K.Gaur Dr.PradeepSharma DepartmentofScience DivisionofCropImprovement FacultyofArts,ScienceandCommerce DirectorateofWheatResearch ModyInstituteofTechnologyandScience Karnal,India Sikar,India ISBN978-81-322-1619-3 ISBN978-81-322-1620-9(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-81-322-1620-9 SpringerNewDelhiHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013954991 #SpringerIndia2014 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthe whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.Duplicationofthis publicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheCopyright LawofthePublisher’slocation,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemust always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution undertherespectiveCopyrightLaw. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks, etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and thereforefreeforgeneraluse. Whiletheadviceandinformationinthisbookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateat thedateofpublication,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanaccept anylegalresponsibilityforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublisher makesnowarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface Plants have evolved to adapt to adverse conditions through cross-wired metabolic pathways to reprogram the progression of development. Stress- mediated responses are triggered to reestablish homeostasis and to repair damaged proteins. In contrastto plant resistance to biotic stresses, which is mostlydependentonmonogenictraits,thegeneticallycomplexresponsesto abiotic stresses are multigenic and, thus, more difficult to control and engineer. Withintheframeworkofgeneticbackground,plantproductivityisdepen- dent onthis constant adjustmentofgene expression inresponse toenviron- mental cues. The genome-environment interaction is an essential focus for the elucidation of the nature of phenotypic variations leading to successful stresstoleranceresponses.Thisinteractionisalsoakeydeterminantofplant tissue compositionrelatedtocrop qualityfactors,aswell asplantanatomy, morphology,anddevelopment. Measuringplantstressisusefulformanyreasons,includingthefollowing: • Findingplantsthatareresistanttoplantstressforbreeding. • Developing optimal plant growth protocols – knowing what types of nutrients to add to the soil and how much should be used, can save money,andenhancecropyields. • Determining the growing characteristics and limitations of plants under different stress conditions. For example, the effects of different amounts ofherbicidesandpesticidesonplanthealthandgrowthareveryvaluable andcanbeusedtoreducepollution. • Studyingtheclimaterangeforspecifictypesofplants.Theeffectsofheat, cold,winter,drought,andlightlevelcanbestudiedforalltypesofplants. • Determiningoptimalandthemosteconomicaluseofwaterresources. Thebookcomprises22chaptershighlightingphysiological,biochemical, and molecular changes due to a particular stress and its management. It describes the interaction between different biotic and abiotic stresses and their economic impact. The management part deals with and compares all aspects of tolerance mechanisms and breeding methods for plant stresses whichisusefultounderstandthepathwaysorgenesimportantforrendering more tolerance to a certain stress, and to bring forward new ideas for improvingthetolerance.Thisbookdepictsillustrativetables,coloredfigures, andcompletelatestreferencesattheendofeachchapter. v vi Preface Chapter1intendstounderstandtheinteractionofdifferentpollutantswith soil constituents; their impact on soil quality, crop growth, and produce quality; as well as appropriate soil management to counteract the chemical stresses on agricultural crops through analysis of information generated in theareabyresearchersofdifferentcountries. Chapter 2 summarizes the recent progress in utilizing transgenic plant technology for the improvement of abiotic stress tolerance using research targeted at drought, salinity, and other abiotic stresses, focusing on engi- neering ofstress-specificgenesinvolved indifferentmetabolicpathwaysin sub-stressedplants. Chapter3brieflydescribesthetranscriptionfactors,leadingtotheexpression of early response transcriptional activators, which then activate downstream stresstoleranceeffectorgenesresponsibleforstressmitigation.Thischapteralso highlightstheroleofeachorganicandinorganicmoleculeinmodern-daystress mitigationstrategy. Chapter4attemptstosummarizethemajorfindingsabouttheregulatory roleofCaM(Calcium-modulated)anditstargetproteinsinabioticandbiotic stressresponse.Thesestudiesemployinggeneticandmolecularbiologyand biochemicaltechniqueshaveyieldedinterestinginsightsintothefunctionof calmodulininmodulatingitsvarioustargetstoprovidestressresistance. Chapters5and14describetheweedswhichprovideatoughcompetition tothecropplants.Oncetheysucceedindoingso,theycaneasilycapturethe other resources like water, space, and more importantly photosynthetically activeradiation. Chapter 6 conceptualizes the approaches underlying simulation of age- stage structured populations using the cohort-updating and rate summation principle and the use of geostatistical algorithms integrated in geographic informationsystem(GIS)forriskmapping. Chapter7underlinestheeffectsofabioticstressesonpre-andpostharvest stresssusceptibilitywhichisimportantsincetheylimitthestorageandshelf lifepotentialoffruitsandvegetables. Chapter 8 provides a systemic glimpse of integrated cellular and whole plant responses to water stress. It also deals with water stress–associated hormones like ABA that is found to play a central role in orchestrating the molecular and physiological responses leading to protective responses in plants. Chapter9describestheproductionstatus,impactofabioticstresses,and theopportunitiesforgeneticimprovementoftolerancetoabioticstressesin major pulses. The chapter highlights marker traits conferring tolerance to such stress(es) which can be used in breeding programs for improving tolerance. Chapter 10 systematizes current knowledge on the complex network of interactions and regulation of photosynthesis in plants exposed to abiotic stresses.Thechapterbringsupdatedinformationemphasizingontheregula- tion of photosynthesis and associated aspects that are affected by various abioticstresses. Preface vii Chapter11describestheeffectsofdroughtonthevegetationofthemajor plantcommunitytypesofthedesertrangelandsinTunisiawithemphasison cover,speciesrichness,anddiversity. Chapter 12 particularly emphasizes on physiological parameters and the regulation of cold-induced photosynthetic processes that occur after expo- sure to low temperatures, leading to cold acclimation. This chapter mainly emphasizes on the various molecules and pigments synthesized to acclima- tizeduringlowtemperatureexposure. Chapter 13 describes the strategies to develop crops which can be resis- tant to effects of various oxidative stresses. One such way is to develop transgenicplantsoverexpressingoneormoreantioxidants,whichcanconfer resistance toward particular stresses. Another way is to develop mutants whichareresistanttowardcertainstresses. Chapter15examinestheeffectsofheavymetalsonanatomicaltraitsand molecular machinery that are responsible for their accumulation and toler- ance in poplar. Beginning with this deeper molecular information, this chapterprovidesnewideasforimprovingpoplartreeswithtraitsconferring heavymetaltolerance. Chapter 16 elucidates the molecular mechanisms that result from treat- mentofplantswithbenignmicrobesunderstressconditions,whichwillthen helpunderstandbetterthefullbenefitsofplant-microbeinteraction. Chapter 17 describes the role of WRKY gene which often responds to several stress factors, after which its proteins may participate in the regula- tion of several seemingly disparate processes as negative or positive regulators.WRKYgenesareshowntobefunctionallyconnectedforminga transcriptional network composed of positive and negative feedback loops and feed-forward modules. Within a web of partially redundant elements, some WRKY factors hold central positions mediating fast and efficient activationofdefenseprograms. Chapter18provideskeyinsightsintothecomplex,intricatemachineryof diverse RNA silencing mechanisms; describes various evolutionary diverse strategies of viral silencing suppressors at various steps; offers a broader view of host recovery following virus infection; and finally suggests the possibleapplicationsofRNAsilencingtogeneratevirus-resistantplants. Chapter19reviewsthreestrategiesfortheproductionoffungus-resistant transgenics: (i) pathogenesis-related proteins, (ii) hypersensitive response, and(iii)RNAinterference. Chapter20elaboratesontheintracellular,intercellular,andlong-distance movement of potyvirus, focusing on the interaction of host cellular factors withmovementproteinsinvolved. Chapters21and22drivethebioinformaticsresourceslikeadatabaseof annotated tentative orthologs from crop abiotic stress transcripts, MIPS PlantsDB,GreenPhylDB,Gramene,GCPComparativeStressGeneCatalog, Plant Stress Gene Database, PASmiR, QlicRice, Rice Stress Gene Catalog, Arabidopsis Stress Responsive Gene Database, STIFDB, and STIFDB2 to facilitatemulti-omicsresearchinthisfield.Theyhighlightthemajorfindings fromomics-basedstudiesinresponse toclimatechange factors. Thisoffers someperspectivesontheneedforintegratedomicsapproachesandrealistic field-levelstudiesofstresses. viii Preface This book presents a range of responses and adaptations that help bring aboutabioticandbioticstresstolerance.Someoftheseinvolvestructuralor chemical changes, while others involve restriction of the growing period according to the conditions. To survive under several stresses, symbiotic relationships have been developed by the plants as a response to these stresses. Contents IntegratedManagementofPollutedSoilsforEnhancing ProductivityandQualityofCrops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 J.K.Saha,A.SubbaRao,andB.Mandal TargetingofMetabolicPathwaysforGeneticEngineering toCombatAbioticStressToleranceinCropPlants. . . . . . . . . . . 23 ShivangiChamoliandA.K.Verma RoleofOrganicandInorganicChemicalsinPlant-Stress Mitigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 TaqiAhmedKhan,MohdMazid,andSaimaQuddusi RoleofCalcium/CalmodulininPlantStressResponse andSignaling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 RitikaDas,AmitaPandey,andGirdharK.Pandey HerbicideResistanceinPhalarisminorandGenetic MedicationinCrop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 M.K.TripathiandA.K.Gaur PhenologyModellingandGISApplicationsinPest Management:AToolforStudyingandUnderstanding Insect-PestDynamicsintheContextofGlobal ClimateChange. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 BabasahebB.Fand,JaipalS.Choudhary,MaheshKumar, andSantanuK.Bal InfluenceofMoistureStressonGrowth,Development, PhysiologicalProcessandQualityofFruitsandVegetables andItsManagementStrategies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 P.SureshKumar,P.S.Minhas,V.Govindasamy, andR.L.Choudhary PlantWater-StressResponseMechanisms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 SurajitBhattacharjeeandAjayKrishnaSaha ix
The list of books you might like
