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Applied Virology Research: New Diagnostic Procedures PDF

174 Pages·1994·6.68 MB·English
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APPLIED VIROLOGY RESEARCH Volume 3 New Diagnostic Procedures APPLIED VIROLOGY RESEARCH Editor-in-Chief: Edouard Kurstak, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Series Editors: R. G. Marusyk, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada F. A. Murphy, University of California, Davis, California M. H. v. Van Regenmortel, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Strasbourg, France Volume 1 NEW VACCINES AND CHEMOTHERAPY Edited by Edouard Kurstak, R. G. Marusyk, F. A. Murphy, and M. H. V. Van Regenmortel Volume 2 VIRUS VARIABILITY, EPIDEMIOLOGY, AND CONTROL Edited by Edouard Kurstak, R. G. Marusyk, F. A. Murphy, and M. H. V. Van Regenmortel Volume 3 NEW DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES Edited by Edouard Kurstak, R. G. Marusyk, F. A. Murphy, and M. H. V. Van Regenmortel A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher. APPLIED VIROLOGY RESEARCH Volume 3 New Diagnostic Procedures Edited by Edouard Kurstak University of Montreal Montreal, Quebec, Canada R. G. Marusyk University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta, Canada F. A. Murphy University of California Davis, California and M. H. V. Van Regenmortel Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Strasbourg, France SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data New diagnost1c procedures I edited by Edouard Kurstak ... [et al.l. p. em. -- <Applied virology research ; v. 3> Includes bibl1ographical references and 1ndex. ISBN 978-I-4757-9267-6 ISBN 978-1-4757-9265-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-9265-2 1. Virus diseases--Molecular diagnosis. I. Kurstak, Edouard. II. Series. [DNLM, 1. Virus Diseases--dlagnosis. W1 AP516R v.3 1994 I WC 500 N5324 1994] RC114.5.N49 1994 616.9'25075--dc20 DNLM/DLC for Library of Congress 94-26646 CIP ISBN 978-1-4757-9267-6 © 1994 Springer Science+B usiness Media New York Originally published by Plenum Publishiog Corporation in 1994 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover I st edition 1994 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher Contributors Perffi Arstila • Department of Virology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 13, SF-20520 Turku, Finland Robert D. 0. Devine • Provincial Laboratory of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2J2 Lars G. Fogerstam • Pharmacia Biosensor AB, 5-751 82 Uppsala, Sweden Thomas R. Gingeras • Baxter Diagnostics, Inc., Life Sciences Research Laboratory, P. 0. Box 91042, San Diego, California, U.S. A. 92191--0492 M. Hayami • Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 606 Kyoto, Japan Pirkko Heino • Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden Walter Hinderer • Biotest AG, Research Department, Landsteinerstr. 5, Dreieich, Germany A. Hossain • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada M-L. Huhtala • Labsystems Research Laboratories Oy, SF-0080, Helsinki, Finland V. Hukkanen • Department of Virology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland X. lmai • Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 606 Kyoto, Japan S. Kontio • Labsysterns Research Laboratories Oy, SF-0080, Helsinki, Finland M. Korkolainen • Labsystems Research Laboratories Oy, SF--0080, Helsinki, Finland Christine Kurstak • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada v vi CONTRIBUTORS Edouard Kurstak • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Deborah Y. Kwoh • Baxter Diagnostics, Inc., Life Sciences Research Laboratory, P. 0. Box 91042, San Diego, California, U.S. A. 92191--0492 A. N6N6nen • Labsystems Research Laboratories Oy, SF--0080, Helsinki, Finland Gerald Schochetman • Division of HIV I AIDS, Centers for Disease Control, United States Public Health Service, Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia Gunter Siegl • Institute for Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Frohbergstr. 3, St. Gallen, Switzerland John J. Sninsky • Department of Infectious Diseases, PCR Division, Cetus Corporation, Emeryville, California Daniele Van Beers • Hopital Universitaire Brugman, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium Christian Vandenvelde • Hopital Universitaire Brugman, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium L. Wray • Probe Diagnostics, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois, U.S. A. 60064-3500 Preface to the Series Viral diseases contribute significantly to human morbidity and mortality and cause severe economic losses by affecting livestock and crops in all countries. Even with the preventive measures taken in the United States, losses caused by viral diseases annually exceed billions of dollars. Five million people worldwide die every year from acute gastroenteritis, mainly of rotavirus origin, and more than one million children die annually from measles. In addition, rabies and viral hepatitis continue to be diseases of major public health concern in many countries of the Third World, where nearly 300 million people are chronically infected with hepatitis B virus. The recent discovery of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is caused by a retrovirus, mobilized health services and enormous resources. This virus infection and its epidemic development clearly demonstrate the importance of applied virology research and the limits of our understanding of molecular mechanisms of viral pathogenicity and immunogenicity. The limitations of our knowledge and understanding of viral diseases extend to the production of safe and reliable vaccines, particularly for genetically unstable viruses, and to antiviral chemotherapy. The number of antiviral drugs currently available is still rather limited, despite extensive research efforts. The main problem is finding compounds that selectively inhibit virus replication without producing toxic effects on cells. Indeed, the experimental efficacy of several drugs, for example, new nucleoside derivatives, some of which are analogues of acyclovir, makes it clear that antiviral chemotherapy must come of age because many new compounds show promise as antiviral agents. In the field of antiviral vaccine production, molecular biologists are using a wide variety of new techniques and tools, such as genetic engineering technology, to refine our understanding of molecular pathogenicity of viruses and of genetic sequences responsible for virulence. Identification of genes that induce virulence is vital to the construction of improved antiviral vaccines. Novel types of vaccines are presently receiving particular attention. For example, the protein that carries the protective epitopes of hepatitis B virus, which is produced by expressing the appropriate viral gene in yeast or in mammalian cell systems, is now available. Another group of new vaccines are produced by using viruses as vectors for the expression of genes. Vaccines for rabies, influenza, respiratory syncytial disease, hepatitis B, herpes infection, and AIDS, which are based on greatly enhanced expression of the viral genes in vectors are being tested. Also of interest is baculovirus, an insect cell vector system now used in the development of recombinant DNA vaccines for a variety of important human and animal virus vii viii PREFACE TO THE SERIES diseases. This system yields very large quantities of properly processed and folded proteins from the rabies, hepatitis B, AIDS, and Epstein-Barr viruses, among others. The synthetic peptides, which act as specific immunogens, have also received attention as new antiviral vaccines. The recent experimental performance of new synthetic peptides of foot-and-mouth disease virus, as well as peptide-based vaccines for pQliovirus, rotavirus, hepatitis B, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, gives strong support for this group of specific immunogens. However, testing of these synthetic peptide vaccines is in the early stages and future research will have to answer several questions about their safety, efficacy, and immune responses. Current attempts at developing synthetic vaccines are based either on recombinant DNA technology or on chemical-peptide synthesis. Several virus proteins have been produced in bacterial, yeast, or animal cells through the use of recombinant DNA technology, while live vaccines have been produced by introducing relevant genes into the genome of several virus vectors. By using solid-phase peptide synthesis, it has been possible to obtain peptides that mimic the antigenic determinants of viral proteins, that elicit a protective immunity against several viruses. Both the chemical and the recombinant approaches have led to the development of experimental vaccines. It should become clear within a few years which approach will lead to vaccines superior to the ones in use today. The recent development of monoclonal antibody production techniques and enzyme immunoassays permits their application in virology research; diagnosis of viral diseases, and vaccine assessment and standardization. These techniques are useful at different stages in the development of vaccines, mainly in the antigenic characterization of infectious agents with monoclonal antibodies, in assessment schemes in research and clinical assays, and in production. This new series, entitled Applied Virology Research, is intended to promote the publication of overviews on new virology research data, which will include within their scope such subjects as vaccine production, antiviral chemo- and immunotherapy, diagnostic kits, reagent production, and instrumentation for automation interfaced with computers for rapid and accurate data processing. We sincerely hope that Applied Virology Research will serve a large audience of virologists, immunologists, geneticists, biochemists, chemists, and molecular biologists, as well as specialists of vaccine production and experts of health services involved in the control and treatment of viral diseases of man, animals and plants. This series will also be of interest to all diagnostic laboratories, specialists, and physicians dealing with infectious diseases. Edouard Kurstak Montreal, Canada Preface to Volume 3 In the first two volumes of this series, emphasis was given to the development of new vaccines and antiviral chemical compounds and to virus variability and the epidemiology and control of viral diseases. Not long ago, the best that a clinician could hope for in the way of a "rapid" result from a virus diagnostic laboratory was a tentative positive result based on a serological screening test or a immunofluorescent stain preparation. Reports from the laboratory often carried the statement "Further Report to Follow''. Accompanied by a deluge of articles, a revolution in diagnostic methodology has taken place. Based largely on the application of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to the detection of viral genomic material, and a multitude of variations of the technique, it is now possible for the diagnostic virology laboratory to issue definitive results on a specimen within a few hours after the specimen has been received. This volume is devoted to the latest diagnostic technology for virus diseases, in particular molecular methodologies. The editors' appreciation is due to the staff of Plenum Publishing Corporation for their patience and efforts in the production of this series, and in particular, this volume. E. Kurstak Montreal, Quebec, Canada R. G. Marusyk Edmonton, Alberta, Canada F. A. Murphy Davis, California, U. S. A. M. H. V. Van Regenmortel Strasbourg, France ix

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