Applied survey methods : a statistical perspective

394 Pages·2009·6.46 MB·English

by  Jelke G Bethlehem

Applied Survey Methods
A Statistical Perspective
JELKE BETHLEHEM

Applied Survey Methods
surveymeth-cp.qxd 4/13/2009 7:46 AM Page 1

WILEY SERIES IN SURVEY METHODOLOGY
Establishedin Partby WALTERA. SHEWHARTANDSAMUELS. WILKS
Editors:Robert M. Groves, Graham Kalton, J. N. K. Rao, Norbert Schwarz,
Christopher Skinner
A complete list of the titles in this series appears at the end of this volume.
Applied Survey Methods
A Statistical Perspective
JELKE BETHLEHEM
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
Bethlehem,JelkeG.
Appliedsurveymethods:astatisticalperspective/JelkeBethlehem.
p.cm.–(Wileyseriesinsurveymethodology)
Includesbibliogr aphicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-470-37308-8(cloth)
1. Surveys–Statisticalmethods. 2. Sampling(Statistics)
3. Surveys–Methodology. 4. Estimationtheory. I. Title.
QA276.B4292009
001.4033–dc22 2009001788
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10987654321
Contents
Preface ix
1. The Survey Process 1
1.1. AboutSurveys, 1
1.2. A Survey, Step-by-Step, 2
1.3. Some History ofSurvey Research, 4
1.4. ThisBook, 10
1.5. Samplonia, 11
Exercises, 13
2. Basic Concepts 15
2.1. TheSurvey Objectives, 15
2.2. TheTarget Population, 16
2.3. TheSampling Frame, 20
2.4. Sampling, 22
2.5. Estimation, 33
Exercises, 41
3. Questionnaire Design 43
3.1. TheQuestionnaire, 43

3.2. Factualand Nonfactual Questions, 44
3.3. TheQuestionText, 45
3.4. Answer Types, 50
3.5. Question Order, 55
3.6. Questionnaire Testing, 58
Exercises, 63
v
vi CONTENTS
4. Single Sampling Designs 65
4.1. Simple Random Sampling, 65
4.2. SystematicSampling, 75
4.3. Unequal Probability Sampling, 82
4.4. SystematicSampling with Unequal
Probabilities, 89
Exercises, 96
5. CompositeSamplingDesigns 100
5.1. StratifiedSampling, 100
5.2. Cluster Sampling, 108
5.3. Two-StageSampling, 113
5.4. Two-Dimensional Sampling, 122
Exercises, 130
6. Estimators 134
6.1. Use ofAuxiliary Information, 134
6.2. ADescriptiveModel, 134
6.3. TheDirect Estimator, 137
6.4. TheRatio Estimator, 139
6.5. TheRegression Estimator, 143
6.6. ThePoststratification Estimator, 146
Exercises, 149
7. Data Collection 153
7.1. Traditional Data Collection, 153
7.2. Computer-Assisted Interviewing, 155
7.3. Mixed-ModeData Collection, 160
7.4. Electronic Questionnaires, 163
7.5. Data Collection with Blaise, 167
Exercises, 176

8. The Quality of theResults 178
8.1. Errors inSurveys, 178
8.2. Detection and Correction of Errors, 181
8.3. Imputation Techniques, 185
8.4. Data Editing Strategies, 195
Exercises, 206
CONTENTS vii
9. The Nonresponse Problem 209
9.1. Nonresponse, 209
9.2. Response Rates, 212
9.3. Models for Nonresponse, 218
9.4. Analysis of Nonresponse, 225
9.5. Nonresponse Correction Techniques, 236
Exercises, 245
10. Weighting Adjustment 249
10.1. Introduction, 249
10.2. Poststratification, 250
10.3. LinearWeighting, 253
10.4. MultiplicativeWeighting, 260
10.5. Calibration Estimation, 263
10.6. Other Weighting Issues, 264
10.7. Use ofPropensityScores, 266
10.8. A Practical Example, 268
Exercises, 272
11. Online Surveys 276
11.1. ThePopularity ofOnlineResearch, 276
11.2. Errorsin Online Surveys, 277
11.3. TheTheoretical Framework, 283
11.4. Correction by Adjustment Weighting, 288
11.5. Correction Using aReference Survey, 293
11.6. Sampling the Non-Internet Population, 296
11.7. Propensity Weighting, 297
11.8. Simulating the Effects ofUndercoverage, 299
11.9. Simulating the Effects ofSelf-Selection, 301
11.10. Aboutthe Use ofOnlineSurveys, 305
Exercises, 307

12. Analysis and Publication 310
12.1. AboutData Analysis, 310
12.2. TheAnalysis of Dirty Data, 312
12.3. Preparing a Survey Report, 317
12.4. Use ofGraphs, 322
Exercises, 339
viii CONTENTS
13. StatisticalDisclosureControl 342
13.1. Introduction, 342
13.2. The Basic DisclosureProblem, 343
13.3. The Concept ofUniqueness, 344
13.4. DisclosureScenarios, 347
13.5. Models for the DisclosureRisk, 349
13.6. Practical Disclosure Protection, 353
Exercises, 356
References 359
Index 369