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Applied Superconductivity PDF

237 Pages·1989·9.849 MB·English
by  WolskyA.M.
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Applied Superconductivity A.M. Wolsky, E.J. Daniels, R.F. Giese, J.B.L. Harkness, L.R. Johnson, D.M. Rote, S.A. Zwick Argonne National Laboratory Argonne, Illinois in collaboration with R.A. Thomas, E.B. Forsyth Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, New York J.D. Rogers Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, New Mexico J.B. Kirtley Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts B.W. McConnell Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Tennessee J.G. DeSteese, J.A. Dirks, M. K. Drost, S.B. Merrick, R.M. Smith, T.A. Williams Pacific Northwest Laboratory Richland, Washington T.A. Lipo University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin Z Department of Defense Washington, DC NOYES DATA CORPORATION Park Ridge, New Jersey, U.S.A. Copyright 01989 by Noyes Data Corporation Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 88-38251 ISBN: O-8155-1 191-4 Printed in the United States Published in the United States of America by Noyes Data Corporation Mill Road, Park Ridge, New Jersey 07656 10987654321 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data . . . te[ Applied superconductivity / by A.M. Wolsky al.1 in . . te[ ; collaboration with R.A. Thomas. al.1 Department of Defense. P. cm. Bibliography: p. Includes index. : ISBN 0-8155-l 191-4 1. Superconductors. 2. Superconductors--Industrial applications. I. Wolsky, A.M. II. United States. Dept. of Defense. TK7872.S8A67 1989 537.6’23--dcl9 88-38251 CIP Contents and Subject Index .1 INTRODUCTION. ..................................... I. Purpose dna .epocS ................................. 2. Organization fo This tropeR ........................... 2. .2 3...........................................WEIVREVO A.M. Wolsky, E. J. Daniels, and R. F. Giese 3. RENEWABLE SECRUOS FOR YTICIRTCELE GENERATION ...... 2I. .M.A Wolsk y, . G. DeSteese, . A. Dirks, M. K. Drost, S. B. Merrick, R. M. Smith, and T.A. Williams 1........................................yrammuS 3 Potential Impacts fo HTSCs no elbaweneR ygrenE Technologies ... 41 dnuorgkcaB ................................... 4I. .noitcudortnI ................................... 41 .hcaorppA .................................. 5I. 1......................................epocS 5 metsyS tcapmI Classification. ...................... 51 Neutral impact. ............................ 5I. decnahnE ygrenE egarotS .ytilibapaC ............... 61 devorpmI metsyS .noitargetnI .................... 61 New ygrenE noisrevnoC Potential. ................. 61 Organization. ................................ 6I. Superconductor Impacts no elbaweneR ygrenE Technologies. ... 71 Hydroelectric .ygrenE ........................... 71 Solar Salt Gradient .sdnoP ........................ 81 Solar Thermal Central revieceR Concepts. .............. 91 Solar Thermal Dish Concept ...................... 12. Solar ciatlovotohP Cells ......................... 32. Geothermal ygrenE noisrevnoC .................... 42. xi x stnetnoC dna Subject xedni Wind ygrenE .noisrevnoC ............ . . . . 52 Ocean Thermal ygrenE noisrevnoC ...... . . 62 Biomass ygrenE .noisrevnoC .......... . . . . 82 cimanydordyhotengaM ygrenE .noisrevnoC . . . . 92 Fusion rewoP Generation ............ . 03 Conclusions ....................... . . . . 13 .4 GENERATORS ........................... . . . . . . 33. dna .J E .J. Daniels L. Kktley, Jr. .yrammuS .......................... . . . . 43 tcapmI fo HTSCs no Generators. ........... . . . . 73 .noitcudortnI ...................... . . . . . 73 Superconductors Applied ot Generators. ..... . . . 83 Other Applications ................... . . . 93 Case :ydutS AVM-003 Turbogenerators ..... . . . 04 tnempoleveD dnastroffE Impediments ...... . . 14 Conclusions ....................... . . 84 Reference ........................ . . 84 .5 ..SREMROFSNART ................................. 94 R. F. Giese and B. W: McConnell .yrammuS ..................................... 05 Potential Application fo HTSCs ot rewoP Transformers ....... 15 .noitcudortnI ................................. 15 Application fo Superconductors ot rewoP Transformers ..... 25 dohteM fo .sisylanA .......................... 25 Results.. ................................. 45 Transformer Design Features. ...................... 65 Conclusions .................................. 65 References. .................................. 75 .6 CA .NOISSIMSNART .................................. 85. R. F. Giese, R.A. Thomas and E. B. Forsyth .yrammuS ...................................... 95. Preliminary Economic Analysis ........................ 16. .noitcudortnI .................................. 16. 6.......................................dohteM 2 Assumptions tuobA eht rewoP Transmission metsyS ........ 26. Economic Assumptions ........................... 36. Cost fo ygrenE for Losses dna Refrigeration. ........... 36. Capital Costs ................................ 46. 6........................................sessoL 4 Superconductor Properties dna tnednepeD-tnerruC Losses .. 46. tnednepeD-egatloV Losses. ....................... 66. cinegoyrC Enclosure Losses. ...................... 66. Refrigerator .ycneiciffE ......................... 76. Total Losses. ................................ 76. Capital Costs .................................. 76. Contents and Subject Index xi Cost fo eht Losses. .............................. 86. .................. 86. Capital Costs and Total System Cost. Comparison with HPOPT and Aerial/Underground .................................. 86. Systems. ......... 86. Cost of the Aerial/Underground System Losses. ....... 07. Assumptions Regarding Properties of Cable Materials. .................... 37. l,OOO-MVA Transmission Systems ................................... 77. Conclusions ............. 77. Comparison of Electrical Losses and Costs Comparison of High-T, Superconducting Cable System with NbaSn Cable System ....................... .79 ......................... 18. Future Systems Studies ..................... 18. Enclosures and Optimization. ................................... 28. References. ............... 38. Supplement: Levelized Annual Cost Method .................................. 38. Introduction. 230-kV Superconducting CA rewoP Transmission .metsyS .... 48. .. 58. 500-kV HPOPT Cellulose-Insulated Naturally Cooled System. ................... 68. 500-kV Aerial/Underground System .................................. 78. Conclusions, ......... 7. SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETIC ENERGY STORAGE. .88 dna .J R. F. Giese D. Rogers Summary........................................8 9 HTSCs in Diurnal Load-Leveling Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage .................................. .90 Introduction. .................................. .90 Discussion .................................... .90 Conclusions ................................... .91 References. ................................... .92 8.MOTORS............................................g 6 E .J. Daniels, B. In/: McConnell and T.A. Lipo Summary........................................9 7 Potential Application of HTSCs to Motors. ................ .98 Introduction. .................................. .98 Applications ot .srotoM ........................... .99 Conclusions ................................... 201 References. ................................... 301 Supplement: The Potential for High-Temperature Super- ....................... conducting AC and DC Motors. 105 .................................. Introduction. 105 Motivation for tnempoleveD fo HTSC Electric srotoM ....... 501 Application Considerations for HTSC .senihcaM ........... 601 HTSC DC srotoM ............................... 701 HTSC suonorhcnyS .srotoM ........................ 801 HTSC noitcudnI .srotoM .......................... 111 HTSC suonorhcnyS/noitcudnI .dirbyH ................. 311 xii Contents and Subject Index HTSC Reluctance Motor. .......................... 113 HTSC Homopolar Inductor Motors. .................... 114 ................................... Conclusions 116 References for Supplement, ........................ 116 ...... 9. INDUSTRIAL SEPARATIONSAND MATERIAL HANDLING. 118 E. J. Daniels, 6. W. McConnell, S.A. Zwick, J. 6. L. Harkness, D. M. Rote, and A. M. Wolsk y Summary. ...................................... 119 ...................... Industrial Applications for HTSCs 121 .................................. Introduction. 121 ............................. Materials Separation. 121 ................... Materials Handling and Fabrication. 126 ................................... References. 127 Potential Application of HTSCs to Magnetic Separations. ....... 129 Introduction. .................................. 129 .................................... Discussion 130 ......................... Summary and Conclusions 13 1 ................................... References. 132 Potential for Magnetic Separation of Gases from Gases. ........ 133 .................................. Introduction. 133 ................ OGMS Systems for Separation of Gases. 133 ............................ HTSC OGMS Systems 135 ................................... References. 135 Supplement: Estimates for High-Gradient Magnetic Separation .............................. of Oxygen from Air. 138 ................................. Flow Equations 138 Magnetic Properties. ............................. 139 ............................ Valuesfor02 andNO 140 ............................. Diffusion Relations. 141 ......................... Limiting Magnetic Effects. 142 ...................... Estimation of Diffusion Rates. 143 ................................... References. 144 ............ 10. MAGNETIC LEVITATION FOR TRANSPORTATION 146 Larry R. Johnson ...................................... Summary. 147 Application of HTSCs to Magnetically Levitated Trains ........ 149 Background. .................................. 149 Advanced Ground Transportation Options. .............. 149 Conventional Trains. ........................... 149 Levitated-Vehicle Technology ..................... 150 ....... Advantages of Magnetically Levitated Vehicles. 151 Advantages of High-T, Superconductors for Magnetic- ....................... Levitation Technology 152 Applicability of Magnetic-Levitation Technology to .......................... U.S. Travel Needs 153 ....... Opportunity for U.S. Technology Development 155 Contents and Subject Index xiii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bibliography. 156 APPENDICES..........................................15 7 . J. Daniels, R. F. Giese and A.M. Wolsky ................... Appendix A: Economic Assumptions. 158 .................................... Summary. 158 Baseline Assumptions for Preliminary Economic Evaluation of Applications for Superconductivity. ................ 158 ................................ introduction. 158 .......................... Example Calculations. 162 ................ Appendix 6: Superconductor Performance 165 Summary.....................................16 5 Charge to Authors: Benchmark Performance Parameters for ................. Higher-Temperature Superconductors 165 .......................... Experimental Results. 165 ....................... Analytical Considerations. 166 .................................. Reference 167 ADDENDUM I-MILITARY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT. ...... 169 .................................... Introduction. 170 Potential Army Applications of High-Temperature .............................. Superconductivity 175 Small-Scale Applications. ........................ 175 ........................ Large-Scale Applications. 176 Potential Navy Applications of High-Temperature Superconductivity. ............................. 177 ........................ Small-Scale Applications. 177 ........................ Large-Scale Applications. 177 Potential Air Force Applications of High-Temperature ............................. Superconductivity. 178 ........................ Small-Scale Applications. 178 ........................ Large-Scale Applications. 178 Potential National Security Agency Applications of High- Temperature Superconductivity. .................... 179 Analog.. ................................ ..I7 9 Digital. .................................... 179 ...... DOD Superconductivity Accomplishments and Experience 180 DOD Ceramic Processing Accomplishments and Experience. ..... 184 ................... Rationale for Program Scope of DSRD 185 DSRD Program Work Statements. ...................... 191 Characterization of and Search for High Temperature Superconducting Materials. ........................ 191 Transition Temperature, T,. ...................... 193 .............................. Energy Gap, 2A 193 Magnetic Field Penetration Depth, h. ................ 193 Josephson Junction (JJ) Tunneling and Weak-Link Phenomena. ................................ 194 Interaction of HTS Materials with Electromagnetic Fields. .. 194 vix stnetnoC dna Subject xednI Interactions fo HTS Materials dna seciveD with Optical Radiation. ................................. 591 Thermodynamic Properties. ...................... 591 Critical citengaM Fields ......................... 591 Approaches ot Controlled noitcudortnI fo lairetaM Inhomogeneities Suitable for Pinning Supercurrent Vortices. .................................. 691 Determination fo eht Magnetic-Field/Current-Density/ Temperature Critical Surface. .................... 691 noitagitiM fo citengaM xulF Flow, ,peerC dna Jumps. ..... 691 Mechanical dna Thermomechanical Aspects ............ 791 Thermal dna Magnetocaloric Effects. ................ 891 Electromigration Effects. ........................ 891 Atomic leveL Structure ......................... 891 91..................................yrtsimehC 9 Effects fo gnizinoI Radiation. ..................... 991 latnemirepxE Comparison with Ginzburg-Landau- vokroG-vosokirbA (GLAG) Macroscopic yroehT ........ 002 latnemirepxE Comparison with Microscopic Theories. ..... 102 dnaB-ygrenE-cinortcelE Structure dna Other Normal-State Considerations .............................. 102 Processing .................................... 402 .noitcudortnI ................................ 402 Thin Film Materials, seciveD dna Circuits. ............. 602 .noitcudortnI ............................. 602. Thin-Film Deposition. ........................ 802 Materials Characterization fo Films. ............... 902 eciveD dna Structure Processing. ................. 012 kluB Superconductors .......................... 712 Single Crystals ............................... 022 Small Scale Applications dna Demonstrations. ............ 222 sretemotengaM dna Gradiometers. .................. 722 dirbyH Semiconductor-Superconductor .smetsyS ........ 132 mm Wave Receivers. .......................... 632. derarfnI Sensors .............................. 932 Digital smetsyS (Logic). ......................... 242 Digital smetsyS (Memories). ...................... 642 Three-Terminal seciveD ......................... 942 smetsyS Demonstration Vehicle. ................... 252 Refrigeration ............................... 452. Large-Scale Applications dna Demonstrations. ............ 852 Shields (Near Term). ........................... 262 Supermagnets for evaworciM dna Millimeter Wave Sources (Near Term) .......................... 562 Supermagnets for Electric pihS Propulsion smetsyS diM( dna Far Term) ........................... 762 Superconducting citengaM ygrenE egarotS )SEMS( diM( Term). ................................ 072 stnetnoC dna Subject xednI vx Electromagnetic Launchers diM( Term). .......... . 372 Directed ygrenE Weapons (DEW) diM( Term). ...... . 672 citengaM Bearings diM( Term) ................. . 872 eniM gnipeewS Supermagnets diM( Term) ......... 082 Pulsed rewoP smetsyS (Far Term). .............. . 282 FLE Communication (Far Term) ............... . 582 Other Applications ........................ . 882 DRSD Budget Recommendations. .................. 882 ...... 592. ADDENDUM II: MILITARY SYSTEM APPLICATIONS. ......................... . 692 Executive Summary. .............................. . 892 Introduction. Findings ................................. 003, sutatS fo Superconducting ,yroehT Technology, dna Materials .............................. 003. woL Temperature Superconductors (LTS) ....... 003, High Temperature Superconductors (HTS). ...... 203, sutatS fo gnitroppuS Technologies .............. 403, cinegoyrC Cooling. ....................... 403, High htgnertS Materials .................... 403. yratiliM Applications fo Superconductors .......... 603. .noitcudortnI ............................... 603. Electronics. ............................ 603. .weivrevO ........................... 603. RI Sensors. ........................... 603. evaworciM dna MMW Sensors ............... 703, DC ot UHF Sensors. ..................... 013, citengaM Sensors. ....................... 013, Signal Processing. ....................... 013. DIA sretrevnoC ...................... 013. yaleD Line Signal Processor .............. 013. Digital Signal dna ataD Processing .......... 313, High rewoP Applications. ....................... 513, Magnets-Applications ...................... 513. Electrical yrenihcaM ....................... 513. Launchers .............................. 713. .S.U dna Foreign Research serutidnepxE in High Temperature ytivitcudnocrepuS ............................ 123, Conclusions ................................... 223. Recommendations. ............................... 523. xidneppA ..................................... 723, Terms fo Reference. ........................... 723. Membership. ................................ 923. Briefings detneserP ot eht BSD Task Force no yratiliM Applications fo Superconductors .................. 033. Directions fo Research dna tnempoleveD otnI High Temperature Superconductors. ................... 233. .1 .noitcudortnI ............................ 233. ivx stnetnoC .2 General Issues. ......................... . . . 233 .3 HTS Materials for Electronics. ............... 333 .4 High rewoP Applications. .................. . . 433. cinegoyrC Technology ........................ . 633 Superconductors dna Their cinegoyrC Requirements . . . . 633. Cryocoolers ............................. . . 833 Ground-Based .smetsyS ..................... . . . 933 egraL .smetsyS ......................... . . 933 Small .smetsyS ......................... 933 ecapS metsyS Cryogenics .................... 343 High htgnertS Materials ....................... . . . 643 A Josephson 4-Bit Microprocessor ................ . . 743. pU-kcaB ataD no Japanese Funding for ytivitcudnocrepuS D&R ................................... . . 353 .tnemnrevoG ............................ 453 Corporate serutidnepxE ..................... . . . 653 CETSI ................................. 653 High Temperature ytivitcudnocrepuS Funding .)M$( .... . . . 163 Glossary fo Terms. .......................... . 263

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