Applied Power Quality: Analysis, Modelling, Design and Implementation of Power Quality Monitoring Systems PDF
Preview Applied Power Quality: Analysis, Modelling, Design and Implementation of Power Quality Monitoring Systems
Applied Power Quality This page intentionally left blank Applied Power Quality Analysis, Modelling, Design and Implementation of Power Quality Monitoring Systems SARATH PERERA Australian Power Qualityand Reliability Centre,Universityof Wollongong, Wollongong,NSW,Australia SEAN ELPHICK Australian Power Qualityand Reliability Centre,Universityof Wollongong, Wollongong,NSW,Australia Elsevier Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,Netherlands TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates Copyright©2023ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans, electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageand retrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseek permission,furtherinformationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangements withorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency, canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions. Thisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythe Publisher(otherthanasmaybenotedherein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchand experiencebroadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,or medicaltreatmentmaybecomenecessary. Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgein evaluatingandusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein. Inusingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthe safetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors, assumeanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproducts liability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products, instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein. ISBN:978-0-323-85467-2 ForinformationonallElsevierpublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:CharlotteCockle AcquisitionsEditor:RachelPomery EditorialProjectManager:AleksandraPackowska ProductionProjectManager:PremKumarKaliamoorthi CoverDesigner:VickyPearsonEsser TypesetbySTRAIVE,India Contents Acknowledgements vii 1. Introductionto power quality in modern power systems 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Whatispowerquality? 3 1.3 Powerqualitymanagementphilosophy 11 1.4 Overviewofcontents 15 References 17 2. Steady-state voltage in low voltage networks 19 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Voltagestandards 20 2.3 Equipmentresponsetovoltagemagnitude 21 2.4 Causesofsteady-statevoltagevariation 32 2.5 PrinciplesofvoltageregulationinLVfeeders 33 2.6 Techniquesforimprovingvoltageregulation 41 References 48 3. Impact andmanagement ofpower system voltage unbalance 49 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 Commonlyuseddefinitions 50 3.3 Measurementofvoltageunbalance 51 3.4 Impactofvoltageunbalance 52 3.5 Managementofvoltageunbalanceinpowersystems 54 References 68 4. Impact andmanagement ofpower system harmonics 71 4.1 Introduction 71 4.2 Definitionofwaveform(harmonic)distortion 71 4.3 Measurementandanalysisofharmonicdistortion 77 4.4 Sourcesofharmonicdistortion 80 4.5 Impactofharmonicdistortion 92 4.6 Managementofharmonicdistortioninelectricitysupplynetworks 100 4.7 Mitigationofharmonicdistortion 126 References 128 v vi Contents 5. Impact and management of voltage fluctuations, flicker and rapid voltage changes 131 5.1 Introduction 131 5.2 Effectsofvoltagefluctuations 133 5.3 Powerqualityparametersassociatedwithvoltagefluctuations 134 5.4 Managementofvoltagefluctuationsandflickerandtheir measurementandnetworkplanninglevels 143 References 145 6. Impact and management of power system voltagesags 147 6.1 Introduction 147 6.2 Definitionofvoltagesags 147 6.3 Causesofvoltagesags 150 6.4 Empiricalcharacteristicsofvoltagesags 151 6.5 Factorsinfluencingvoltagesagseverity 153 6.6 Impactofvoltagesags 155 6.7 Mitigationofvoltagesags 163 6.8 Assessmentandreportingofvoltagesags 174 References 182 7. Implications ofequipment behaviour on power quality 185 7.1 Introduction 185 7.2 Powerelectronicconverters 185 7.3 Motorloads 195 7.4 Capacitorbanks 197 7.5 Arcingloads 207 7.6 Transformers 207 7.7 Loadbehaviour 215 7.8 Impactofvariationsinsupplyvoltageonapplianceperformance 246 7.9 Powerqualitystandardsforequipmentperformance 254 References 257 8. Power qualitymonitoring,data analysis and reporting 259 8.1 Introduction 259 8.2 Standardsforpowerqualitymonitoring 264 8.3 PQdisturbancesandtheircharacterisation 269 8.4 Powerqualityinstruments 274 8.5 Transducers 282 8.6 Motivationforpowerqualitymonitoring 294 8.7 Reportingofpowerqualitydata 304 References 312 Index 315 Acknowledgements I wish to acknowledge my past and present colleagues at the Australian Power Quality and Reliability Centre (APQRC) who have inspired me to delve in to the quite fruitful subject of power quality. In particular, I wish to thank Emeritus Professor Vic Gosbell in that regard. I have been very fortunate to have brilliant postgraduate students who went along exploratorypathswhichhelpedmetoopennewwaysoflookingatpower quality phenomena associated with voltage fluctuations and voltage unbal- ance.Iwishtoacknowledgethesupportofmycolleaguesfromanumberof CIGRE working groups who have acknowledged the work carried out at APQRC. I have tremendous admiration of my long-standing colleague, Sean Elphick,whohasbeenabackboneofAPQRC.Ialsowishtoacknowledge the support and insightful knowledge of my colleagues the late Associate Professor Phil Ciufo, Associate Professor Duane Robinson, Jason David and Gerard Drury of APQRC. Sarath Perera Firstly, I would like to thank my colleagues (past and present) at the AustralianPowerQualityandReliabilityCentre,specificallyandinnopar- ticular order: Professor Vic Gosbell, Associate Professor Duane Robinson, Associate Professor Phil Ciufo, Dr Vic Smith, Jason David, Gerrard Drury and Amin Rajabi. I have been fortunate in my career to have been able to work with such fine mentors and colleagues. I’dalsoliketothankmyco-authorProfessorSarathPererawhohasbeen a mentor to me for a long period of time. Finally,Ithankmyfamilywhohavesupportedmethroughtheprocessof compiling this book and perhaps have had to put up with a few too many weekends of dad in the study working on his book. Sean Elphick vii This page intentionally left blank CHAPTER 1 Introduction to power quality in modern power systems 1.1 Introduction In industrialised countries, electricity supply reliability, as measured by the frequencyanddurationofelectricitysupplyinterruptions,isnowveryhigh. Whilst reliability, or whether or not any level of voltage is present, may strictly be considered part of the umbrella of disturbances included in the broad definition of power quality, the fact that management of reliability is well understood and that reliability is of a high standard means that reli- ability and power quality are often considered to be separate topics. Given theaforementionedhighlevelsofreliability,focushasmovedtootherareas of power quality where improvements can be made. Whilst many power qualityconceptshaveexistedformanyyears,inrecenttimestherehavebeen someverysignificantchangestothenatureoftheloadsandgeneratorsthat are connecting to electricity supply networks. Whilst these new loads and generators are not producing any new power quality disturbances, their characteristicsandthemethodsbywhichtheyarebeingintegratedintonet- workshaveresultedinpowerqualitychallengesandcontinuedemphasison the overall management of power quality from both a technical and regu- latory perspective. Examples of recent power system changes that are directly relevant to power quality performance are as follows: (cid:129) Therehasbeenaproliferationofsmall-scalesolarphotovoltaic(PV)gen- eration being integrated into low voltage (LV) networks. The majority of these systems are installed on household rooftops. As an example, Fig.1.1showsthetrendoftotalinstalledcapacityofsolarPVinAustralia over the past 20 years. The figure shows that take-up increased rapidly from2010onwardandcontinuestoincreaserapidly.Integrationofthese distributed solar PV generators into low voltage electricity distribution networkshasresultedinpowerqualitychallengesrelatedtovoltagereg- ulation, voltage and current unbalance and to a lesser extent harmonic distortion. AppliedPowerQuality Copyright©2023ElsevierInc. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-85467-2.00006-8 Allrightsreserved. 1
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