Applied kinesiology - clinical techniques for lower body dysfunctions

325 Pages·2013·16.537 MB·English

by  Scott Cuthbert

iv
MMT for Lower Body Dysfunctions
iv
MMT for Lower Body Dysfunctions
Constipation ...............................................284 Trans fatty acids .........................................293
o o
Dehydration ................................................284 Itching, edematous pain and
o o Constipation ...............................................284 Trans fatty acids .........................................293
Diarrhea ......................................................285 bradykinin ..............................................294 o o
o Infantile colic ..............................................285 • Systemic inflammatory pain .......................294 o Dehydration ................................................284 o Itching, edematous pain and
o Diarrhea ......................................................285 bradykinin ..............................................294
o Obesity ........................................................285 o Oxidation ..............................................294 © 20o1 3, ITnhfaen tGilea cnogliacs ..a..s.. ..P...r.e...s..s..,. .L....L...C... ...............285 • Systemic inflammatory pain .......................294
Post-antibiotic effects and candidiasis ....285 Methylation ................................................294 o
o o Obesity ........................................................285 Oxidation ..............................................294
• Foe mFaleec arle pmraotdteurc mtivaett esyrss t..e..m... ...................................................228876 oo HLeoumkootcryiestneeins .e.. . ......................................................................................229954 Nmoea pnasoor,t eolefPF cteohtrcsiosatn -lp aimucn,bta imltbitcieeoarctt hmiicoa nanet ifftmceearaclsyt, s. p. b.ah.e.n.o .dr.t.eo .c.pc.a.ro.no.p..dd.y.ui.id.nc.i.eg.a.d,.s .i,r. s.es. ..ct..o..o..rr22ed88di65n ign oar r eottrhieervwali sseyoo,s w teimtMHh,o oeoumtrth totyrhclaaeynt sspiotmreniioin t.rt.e e.p. d. ..e.. r..i..mn.... ..ai....sn..s..y..i..o.. ..fn..o.... r..o..m..f.. .. t..o..h..r..e.. .. b..P..y....u ..a..b..n..l..i..ys.... h....e22r99s45. 1
o IDnyfesmrtielintoy rarnhde aa.m....e..n..o..r..r..h..e..a.. ..............................................228887 • oFo caGl olycccautilot nin ..f..e.c..t..i.o..n... ........................................................................229955 P •e rmioFsse imonasl em raeyp rboed suocutgivhet sdyirsetecmtly .. .f.r.o..m... .t.h..e.. .a..u..t.h..o2r.8 7 oo Leukotrienes ...............................................294 1
oo Pain, prostaglandins, and dysmenorrhea ..288 • Joint pain .....................................................296 o IDnyfesmrtielintoy rarnhde aa.m....e..n..o..r..r..h..e..a.. ..............................................228887 • oFo caGl olycccautilot nin ..f..e.c..t..i.o..n... ........................................................................229955
o Premenstrual syndromes ..........................289 o Osteoarthritis ............................................296 First op ubPlaisinh, epdro isnta g2l0an1d3in s, and dysmenorrhea ..288 • Joint pain .....................................................296
Estrogen imbalances ..................................289 Rheumatoid arthritis .................................296 o
o Endometriosis ............................................290 • oC irculatory system ......................................296 REVo:J anP2r0em13en strual syndromes ..........................289 o Osteoarthritis ............................................296
o Estrogen imbalances ..................................289 Rheumatoid arthritis .................................296
o PVoalgyicnyitsitsi/cV oavgairnyo sdiiss .e..a.s..e.. ........................................................229900 • oEd emVaar .i.c..o..s..e. .v..e..i.n..s. .....................................................................................229977 ISBNoo: 97E8n-d0o-m9e8t8ri7os4i5s .2..-..0...-..9.. ................................290 • oC irculatory system ......................................296
o Polycystic ovary disease ............................290 Varicose veins .............................................297
• oM aleB reenpigrond uutcetriivnee sfiybsrtoemid/ .l.e..i.o..m...y..o.m....a. ...................229900 o EBdioecmheam duicea lt oin nduivtriideunat lditeyfi acniedn cies .........297 oo Vaginitis/Vaginosis ....................................290 • oEd ema ..........................................................297
o Benign uterine fibroid/leiomyoma ..........290 Edema due to nutrient deficiencies .........297
• o Prostate disease ..........................................290 I m spuabicrelidn imcailc rnouctirriceunlta dtieofinc .i.e..n..c..y.. ..........................229987 N•o ticeoM: aTlhe er empartoedriuacl tiinv eth siyss tteexmt i.s.. .a.. .c.o..m...p..e..n..d..i.u..m... o2f9 0clinical and reseooa rchB iinofcohremmaitcioanl idnedviveildoupeadli tiyn a tnhde discipline of
• Aching pain, lactic acidosis, and mitochondrial oo Raynaud’s syndrome ..................................298 ap•p lieod kinPersoisotlaotge yd i(sAeaKs)e. .T...h..e..r.e.. ..a.r..e.. .r.e..f..e..r.e..n..c..e..s.. .t.o.. .t2h9e0 standard scientific l Ii mt espruaabtiucrreliedn timhcaaitlc rnhouecltpirrisce upnluta tdt iAeofinKc . i.pe..nr.o.c.c.y.e. ..d......u....r..e....s.... ..i..n22t99o87
dysfunction ..................................................291 o Blood hyperviscosity syndromes .............298 p•er speAcctihvien.g T phaei nau, tlhaoctrisc h aacvied otaskise,n a ncadr em tiot omcahkoen dcerritaali n the informaoti on Risa cyonmaupda’tsi bsylen dwriothm ien .f..o..r.m....a..t.i.o..n... .a..v..a..i.l.a..b..l..e2 i9n8
Urea-Guanidine cycle and Rouleaux formation ...................................299 the field at the time of publication. The physician using this material om ust take into account all of the patient’s
o o dysfunction ..................................................291 Blood hyperviscosity syndromes .............298
deep aching pain ....................................292 Blood viscosity and findings including: clinical history, physical examination, laboratory ote sts, and other procedures when applicable to
Inactivity aggravated pain and o Rouleaux interactions ............................299 arriveo a t a Ufirneaal- cGounacnluidsiinone creygclaer dainndg the patient’s condition and besto a pprRooauchle atou xtr feoartmmeantito. nT .h...e.. .a..u..t.h..o..r.. .d..i.s..c..l.a..i.m....s. 2a9ll9
o calcium metabolism ...............................293 • Applied kinesiology’s future in responsibi l i t yd efeopr aanchyi nligab pialiitny ,.. .l.o..s..s.,. ..i.n..j.u..r..y..,. .o..r.. .d..a..m...a2g9e2 incurred as a coon seBqluoeondc ev,i sdcioresicttyly a nodr i ndirectly, of the use
o Burning pain, NSAIDs, and stress-related illness .................................299 a nd apop licI a n tciaoacnltc iiovuifmt ya n amyg egotrfaa btvhoaelti escdmo np .ta.e.i.nn..t. s.a. n.o..df.. .t .h..i..s. .v...o..l.u..m.2e9.3 • Appl i e Rdo kuilneeasuixo liongteyr’sa cftuitounrse .. .i.n... .....................299
the prostaglandin system ......................293
o Burning pain, NSAIDs, and stress-related illness .................................299
TheGanga s a sthPere psrso.csotamgl andin system ......................293
iv
MMT for Lower Body Dysfunctions
iv
MMT for Lower Body Dysfunctions
Constipation ...............................................284 Trans fatty acids .........................................293
o o
Dehydration ................................................284 Itching, edematous pain and
o o Constipation ...............................................284 Trans fatty acids .........................................293
Diarrhea ......................................................285 bradykinin ..............................................294 o o Reviews
o Infantile colic ..............................................285 • Systemic inflammatory pain .......................294 o Dehydration ................................................284 o Itching, edematous pain and
o Diarrhea ......................................................285 bradykinin ..............................................294
o Obesity ........................................................285 o Oxidation ..............................................294 © 20o1 3, ITnhfaen tGilea cnogliacs ..a..s.. ..P...r.e...s..s..,. .L....L...C... ...............285 • Systemic inflammatory pain .......................294
o Post-antibiotic effects and candidiasis ....285 o Methylation ................................................294 o Obesity ........................................................285 Oxidation ..............................................294 Reader reviews on this series of AK textbooks:
• oFe mFaleec arle pmraotdteurc mtivaett esyrss t..e..m... ...................................................228876 oo HLeoumkootcryiestneeins .e.. . ......................................................................................229954 Nmoea pnasoor,t eolefPF cteohtrcsiosatn -lp aimucn,bta imltbitcieeoarctt hmiicoa nanet ifftmceearaclsyt, s. p. b.ah.e.n.o .dr.t.eo .c.pc.a.ro.no.p..dd.y.ui.id.nc.i.eg.a.d,.s .i,r. s.es. ..ct..o..o..rr22ed88di65n ign oar r eottrhieervwali sseyoo,s w teimtMHh,o oeoumtrth totyrhclaaeynt sspiotmreniioin t.rt.e e.p. d. ..e.. r..i..mn.... ..ai....sn..s..y..i..o.. ..fn..o.... r..o..m..f.. .. t..o..h..r..e.. .. b..P..y....u ..a..b..n..l..i..ys.... h....e22r99s45. 1 “A must read for anyone interested in finding out about AK, or anyone interested in exploring different forms of physi-
o IDnyfesmrtielintoy rarnhde aa.m....e..n..o..r..r..h..e..a.. ..............................................228887 • oFo caGl olycccautilot nin ..f..e.c..t..i.o..n... ........................................................................229955 P •e rmiFosse imonasl em raeyp rboed suocutgivhet sdyirsetecmtly .. .f.r.o..m... .t.h..e.. .a..u..t.h..o2r.8 7 oo Leukotrienes ...............................................294 cal medicine.” 1
oo Pain, prostaglandins, and dysmenorrhea ..288 • Joint pain .....................................................296 o IDnyfesmrtielintoy rarnhde aa.m....e..n..o..r..r..h..e..a.. ..............................................228887 • oFo caGl olycccautilot nin ..f..e.c..t..i.o..n... ........................................................................229955 “Ultimate authority on AK.”
o Premenstrual syndromes ..........................289 o Osteoarthritis ............................................296 First op ubPlaisinh, epdro isnta g2l0an1d3in s, and dysmenorrhea ..288 • Joint pain .....................................................296 “This book truly stands alone on the topic of Applied Kinesiology. Even if you have just a little understanding of
Estrogen imbalances ..................................289 Rheumatoid arthritis .................................296 o
o Endometriosis ............................................290 • oC irculatory system ......................................296 REVo:J anP2r0em13en strual syndromes ..........................289 o Osteoarthritis ............................................296 anatomy, physiology, and chemistry you will find this to be clear enough and well-written enough to mushroom your
o Estrogen imbalances ..................................289 Rheumatoid arthritis .................................296 knowledge. If you want to learn how to become adept at “assessing” health conditions and sub-clinical deficiencies and
oo PVoalgyicnyitsitsi/cV oavgairnyo sdiiss .e..a.s..e.. ........................................................229900 • oEd emVaar .i.c..o..s..e. .v..e..i.n..s. .....................................................................................229977 ISBNoo: 97EP8onl-dy0oc-my9set8itc8r io7ovs4ai5sr .y2.. -.d.0.i.s.-.e.9.a. s..e.. ........................................................229900 • oC ircVulaartiocoryse s vyestinems .. .................................................................................229967 tdoe ninticsotrryp,o srtaatned AarKd imnteod yicoiunre ,w oorr ekv -e-n w juhsett hweorr mkiansgs awgiet,h c yhoiruorp fraamctiilcy, -o-s ttheoepna TthHy,I Sk iins etshieo lboogoyk, P yTo,u n wutarnitti.o Pnaaclk tehde rwaiptihs t,
• oM aleB reenpigrond uutcetriivnee sfiybsrtoemid/ .l.e..i.o..m...y..o.m....a. ...................229900 o EBdioecmheam duicea lt oin nduivtriideunat lditeyfi acniedn cies .........297 oo Vaginitis/Vaginosis ....................................290 • oEd ema ..........................................................297 ianssfoes tsh aant dis fsatcrialiitgahtte ttoh eth hee paloiinngt aanndd rseimpauirlt oanf ethoeu shluy mricahn ibno ddey.t aItil sh,a ist shearsv bedee mn em eyx tgrueimdee liyn wtoe ulln adnedr,s itnan mdiyn ogp hinoiwo nto, it is
o Benign uterine fibroid/leiomyoma ..........290 Edema due to nutrient deficiencies .........297
• o Prostate disease ..........................................290 I m spuabicrelidn imcailc rnouctirriceunlta dtieofinc .i.e..n..c..y.. ..........................229978 N•o ticeoM: aTlhe er empartoedriuacl tiinv eth siyss tteexmt i.s.. .a.. .c.o..m...p..e..n..d..i.u..m... o2f9 0clinical and reseooa rchB iinofcohremmaitcioanl idnedviveildoupeadli tiyn a tnhde discipline of the only book on the subject you will need. It does not disappoint.”
• AdycshfiuUnnrgce ptai-aoGinnu .,.a .ln.a.i.cd.t..ii.nc. .ea. .cc..iy.d.c.ol.e.s. .ia.s.n,. .da.. n. .d.. .m....i.t.o..c..h..o..n..d2r9ia1l ooo RBRloaoyuonldeaa uhudyx’ps f esoryrvnmidsacrtooiosmintey . .. ..s....y....n....d....r....o....m........e..s.... .......................................222999988 apthp••eerp slfpiieeeoAdlcd ctk ihaviintPen et.rg hsoT eipsoh ttaleaioimt ngaeue y,d tl ohi(asAfoce trpaKissuc )eh b.a a.lTc.iv.ci.h.eda.e. to.tri.aseo..ki .ns.ae..,r.n .eaT. . nc.hr.ae.de.rf. .eemp.. rh.te.ioy.tn. o.smc.i.cec..ahsi.k.ao .t.neno.. .dcut2ehrs9riienta0 asgli t nat hntihdsea m ridna fstoecrrimeianlat ootimif oiucns lt IRii mst ta e ascyprkuoanaebtmai ucriurpnelidedatn o’ts timi h cbasaayclitlecnc r nhodwoueurciltontpirhrmtisc e aiuepnnl .llutf.a .otod.t .irfA.eom. fi.tnK.h.ca. e.. it..pei ..op..nr..ona..c..tc.. y..iae..e ...vd...n...a...ut...i’...rl...sae... ...bs...... l...i...en222 ti999on887 “ebAffe tettchetroi vruoenluydg ehhra suntondodlede rp wsrtoiatbnhld etimhneg pi noaftf oiterhnmet sam taianotdne r gaiaevtla itinloa btthhleies i bntea txshitc iws u tinleldx eten.”ralybilneg a c pahuyssei coifa an ,c wonhdaitteivoenr. hMisa nory hheera lstphe ccoiamltpy,l atoin mts oarree
o o dysfunction ..................................................291 Blood hyperviscosity syndromes .............298
deep aching pain ....................................292 Blood viscosity and findings including: clinical history, physical examination, laboratory ote sts, and other procedures when applicable to
Inactivity aggravated pain and o Rouleaux interactions ............................299 arriveo a t a Ufirneaal- cGounacnluidsiinone creygclaer dainndg the patient’s condition and besto a pprRooauchle atou xtr feoartmmeantito. nT .h...e.. .a..u..t.h..o..r.. .d..i.s..c..l.a..i.m....s. 2a9ll9
o calcium metabolism ...............................293 • Applied kinesiology’s future in responsibi l i t yd efeopr aanchyi nligab pialiitny ,.. .l.o..s..s.,. ..i.n..j.u..r..y..,. .o..r.. .d..a..m...a2g9e2 incurred as a coon seBqluoeondc ev,i sdcioresicttyly a nodr i ndirectly, of the use
o Burning pain, NSAIDs, and stress-related illness .................................299 a nd apop licI a n tciaoacnltc iiovuifmt ya n amyg egotrfaa btvhoaelti escdmo np .ta.e.i.nn..t. s.a. n.o..df.. .t .h..i..s. .v...o..l.u..m.2e9.3 • Appl i e Rdo kuilneeasuixo liongteyr’sa cftuitounrse .. .i.n... .....................299
the prostaglandin system ......................293
o Burning pain, NSAIDs, and stress-related illness .................................299
TheGanga s a sthPere psrso.csotamgl andin system ......................293
~ 3 ~iii
Applied Kinesiology MMT for Lower Body Dysfunctions
A cknowledgments Preface
My sincere thanks go to the many chiropractors, The prototype of this textbook was developed by David AK, adding a historical element to our presentation. The
David Gavin is the artist responsible for the
osteopaths, manual medicine experts, physiotherapists, S. Walther in 1976 in response to a perceived need for a extensive references in the book are used for two purposes:
illustrations in this new series of applied kinesiology
bodyworkers, nutritionists, acupuncturists and others single source that would provide entry-level knowledge to support the statements made and to give credit to authors
texts. His work clarifies the material and makes for more
whose work we have drawn on for this series of books. in applied kinesiology (AK) manual muscle testing and from whom we have derived information and ideas. The
pleasant reading. His illustrations for the lower extremity
In particular I wish to pay tribute to the generous and in this volume offer greater clarity to the AK evaluation assessment and treatment procedures; muscle physiology, exception to this is George J. Goodheart, Jr., who developed
1
warm collaboration of Dr. Anthony Rosner, who has done of lower and upper body dysfunctions not previously muscle-joint interrelationships, and the coordinated most of the basis of applied kinesiology. We hope with this
so much to bring not only chiropractic but specifically published in any text. We recognize the importance muscular assessment tools for AK students. Preparation of text to continue the tradition of offering an informative,
applied kinesiology methods into the era of evidence-based of his talented work in helping us develop improved this volume has also been spurred by the broad acceptance readable and concise reference that will lay an appropriate
educational material in applied kinesiology. Some of this of Dr. Walther’s Applied Kinesiology, Synopsis: 1st and foundation in your quest to understand human function
medicine. His review of these manuscripts have simply
extremely accurate artwork was originally designed with 2nd Editions. The Synopsis has sold so well partly because through AK techniques.
been invaluable.
Dr. Walther’s guidance. The copyright for these original practitioners who have learned to use it have provided relief We wished to insure that this addition includes
From the chiropractic profession Drs. Schmitt, Illi, Janse,
images was given to the ICAKUSA by Dr. Walther at the
to their patients spanning many of the professions that important aspects of the large volume of research published
the Palmers father and son, the Masarskys husband and wife,
time of his passing, and are gratefully acknowledged by the
use AK including chiropractic, osteopathy, naturopathy, in recent years while updating the clinically effective
Leaf, Walker, Maffetone and the entire membership of the present author.
homeopathy, acupuncture, massage therapy and material from the decades past. The structured abstracts
International College of Applied Kinesiology -- as well as the
Thanks also to those who gave other forms of assistance bodywork, nutritionists, allergists, energy psychologists, from the Collected Papers of the International College of
many groups of professional and lay clinicians who derive their
when needed, each in a distinctive and decisive form: Dr. physiotherapists and many others. The Synopsis has been Applied Kinesiology (published in the United States, Japan,
basic methodologies from AK -- who support and encourage
Shaun Craig, our associate in practice whose enthusiasm printed in English, translated into Japanese, Korean, Australia, the UK and Europe) have just been added to the
applied kinesiology research and the development of clinical
for AK inspires; Dr. Don McDowall for his reassurance and Russian and Italian, and is scheduled to appear in Chinese world-wide database called MANTIS. What this means
approaches to human health and illness…all deserve special
problem-solving abilities; Jurgen Reinzuch and Dr. Mike and French. is that for the first time the research literature for AK,
thanks.
Fuhrman for their lasting and wise counsel as friends. The subject of this book is an enormous practical including outcomes data (published yearly since 1974),
The osteopaths Sutherland, Magoun, Korr, Kuchera
I dedicate this book to the memory of Dr. David S. challenge and at the same time one that probes our common is now indexed and available to the scientific and lay-
and Chaitow deserve outstanding credit as well. Walther and to our staff at the Chiropractic Health Center, intellectual understanding. Population surveys reveal that community worldwide. In addition, it is widely consulted in
Several giants of manual medicine, particularly PC, and particularly my secretary Sharon Schwab who large numbers of people are in pain of musculoskeletal national and state politics as well as the insurance industry.
Drs. Janet Travell and David G. Simons, have given us so endured my yoked-lifestyle in writing this book with origin, with nonspecific back pain of muscular origin The MANTIS database includes over 350,000 entries from
many insights and so much impetus to the evolution of extraordinary tolerance and support. showing life-time prevalence in the majority of people (60% 1,100 journals and is updated weekly.
our concepts of myofascial dysfunction and particularly Lastly, a special debt of gratitude for my mother Pansy to 85%). The incidence increases with age up to the level If AK is to become an integral part of mainstream
muscular inhibition resulting from muscle pain. who has been and continues to be crucial to my well-being. where there are few senior citizens who are not candidates health care then conceptual bridges have to be built. Because
for the diagnosis. integration depends upon effective lines of communication
2013 SCC
The human body may not have changed much since and the ability to complete learning loops, a good enough
the beginning of the modern era of AK, however the common language is an essential foundation.
technologies now employed to study it and the information Finding a scientific explanation for the principles
gained about neuromuscular functioning has grown behind some of the diagnostic and treatment approaches
markedly. As in the previous editions of this series of AK is one challenge. Although these theoretical objections may
textbooks we will attempt once more to strike the delicate be barriers to integration within primary care, there should
balance between informing the reader of new research be no absolute objection to the pragmatic use of some AK
and hypotheses that are part of the ever-expanding approaches. After all, aspirin was used for decades before
developments in AK and complementary and alternative prostaglandins were discovered and it was only with the
health care, while maintaining this textbook’s role as a tool advent of the endorphins and pain-gate control theory that
for professional education. a scientifically coherent explanation for the acupuncture
By carefully referencing our sources, we hope to treatment of pain became possible.
encourage readers to seek additional resources as they Applied kinesiology, when practiced by a physician
pursue their professional education and development. who is adequately trained and with a mild degree of
The reader should note that we are using references from prudence, is virtually risk-free, and it possesses the potential
the very beginning of the study of manual muscle testing for great help. The outcomes described in these textbooks
and treatment (going back as far as the late 19th century up demonstrate these facts.
through 2012), thereby presenting a scientific history of the
evaluation and treatment of muscle dysfunction. When Since the last textbook in this series, Walther’s Synopsis,
SCC first met David in his library, he was astonished to 2nd Edition in 2000, we have not only updated content but
realize that he was visiting the largest chiropractic library also have expanded explanations to improve their clarity as
since he had worked for the research department at the well as supplementing the text with nearly 400 new figures
Palmer Chiropractic College in Iowa. Walther’s library and summary tables. Prepared by editors and coauthors of
had approximately 7,000 journal papers in the database international renown in applied kinesiology, we have had to
(2006), and 3,000 textbooks. This material was purchased make difficult decisions about limiting the inclusion of new
by SCC for help in completing subsequent textbooks on information. Details that might be useful to experienced
iv~ 4 ~
Applied Kinesiology MMT for Lower Body Dysfunctions
A cknowledgments Preface
My sincere thanks go to the many chiropractors, The prototype of this textbook was developed by David AK, adding a historical element to our presentation. The
David Gavin is the artist responsible for the
osteopaths, manual medicine experts, physiotherapists, S. Walther in 1976 in response to a perceived need for a extensive references in the book are used for two purposes:
illustrations in this new series of applied kinesiology
bodyworkers, nutritionists, acupuncturists and others single source that would provide entry-level knowledge to support the statements made and to give credit to authors
texts. His work clarifies the material and makes for more
whose work we have drawn on for this series of books. in applied kinesiology (AK) manual muscle testing and from whom we have derived information and ideas. The
pleasant reading. His illustrations for the lower extremity
In particular I wish to pay tribute to the generous and in this volume offer greater clarity to the AK evaluation assessment and treatment procedures; muscle physiology, exception to this is George J. Goodheart, Jr., who developed
1
warm collaboration of Dr. Anthony Rosner, who has done of lower and upper body dysfunctions not previously muscle-joint interrelationships, and the coordinated most of the basis of applied kinesiology. We hope with this
so much to bring not only chiropractic but specifically published in any text. We recognize the importance muscular assessment tools for AK students. Preparation of text to continue the tradition of offering an informative,
applied kinesiology methods into the era of evidence-based of his talented work in helping us develop improved this volume has also been spurred by the broad acceptance readable and concise reference that will lay an appropriate
educational material in applied kinesiology. Some of this of Dr. Walther’s Applied Kinesiology, Synopsis: 1st and foundation in your quest to understand human function
medicine. His review of these manuscripts have simply
extremely accurate artwork was originally designed with 2nd Editions. The Synopsis has sold so well partly because through AK techniques.
been invaluable.
Dr. Walther’s guidance. The copyright for these original practitioners who have learned to use it have provided relief We wished to insure that this addition includes
From the chiropractic profession Drs. Schmitt, Illi, Janse,
images was given to the ICAKUSA by Dr. Walther at the
to their patients spanning many of the professions that important aspects of the large volume of research published
the Palmers father and son, the Masarskys husband and wife,
time of his passing, and are gratefully acknowledged by the
use AK including chiropractic, osteopathy, naturopathy, in recent years while updating the clinically effective
Leaf, Walker, Maffetone and the entire membership of the present author.
homeopathy, acupuncture, massage therapy and material from the decades past. The structured abstracts
International College of Applied Kinesiology -- as well as the
Thanks also to those who gave other forms of assistance bodywork, nutritionists, allergists, energy psychologists, from the Collected Papers of the International College of
many groups of professional and lay clinicians who derive their
when needed, each in a distinctive and decisive form: Dr. physiotherapists and many others. The Synopsis has been Applied Kinesiology (published in the United States, Japan,
basic methodologies from AK -- who support and encourage
Shaun Craig, our associate in practice whose enthusiasm printed in English, translated into Japanese, Korean, Australia, the UK and Europe) have just been added to the
applied kinesiology research and the development of clinical
for AK inspires; Dr. Don McDowall for his reassurance and Russian and Italian, and is scheduled to appear in Chinese world-wide database called MANTIS. What this means
approaches to human health and illness…all deserve special
problem-solving abilities; Jurgen Reinzuch and Dr. Mike and French. is that for the first time the research literature for AK,
thanks.
Fuhrman for their lasting and wise counsel as friends. The subject of this book is an enormous practical including outcomes data (published yearly since 1974),
The osteopaths Sutherland, Magoun, Korr, Kuchera
I dedicate this book to the memory of Dr. David S. challenge and at the same time one that probes our common is now indexed and available to the scientific and lay-
and Chaitow deserve outstanding credit as well. Walther and to our staff at the Chiropractic Health Center, intellectual understanding. Population surveys reveal that community worldwide. In addition, it is widely consulted in
Several giants of manual medicine, particularly PC, and particularly my secretary Sharon Schwab who large numbers of people are in pain of musculoskeletal national and state politics as well as the insurance industry.
Drs. Janet Travell and David G. Simons, have given us so endured my yoked-lifestyle in writing this book with origin, with nonspecific back pain of muscular origin The MANTIS database includes over 350,000 entries from
many insights and so much impetus to the evolution of extraordinary tolerance and support. showing life-time prevalence in the majority of people (60% 1,100 journals and is updated weekly.
our concepts of myofascial dysfunction and particularly Lastly, a special debt of gratitude for my mother Pansy to 85%). The incidence increases with age up to the level If AK is to become an integral part of mainstream
muscular inhibition resulting from muscle pain. who has been and continues to be crucial to my well-being. where there are few senior citizens who are not candidates health care then conceptual bridges have to be built. Because
for the diagnosis. integration depends upon effective lines of communication
2013 SCC
The human body may not have changed much since and the ability to complete learning loops, a good enough
the beginning of the modern era of AK, however the common language is an essential foundation.
technologies now employed to study it and the information Finding a scientific explanation for the principles
gained about neuromuscular functioning has grown behind some of the diagnostic and treatment approaches
markedly. As in the previous editions of this series of AK is one challenge. Although these theoretical objections may
textbooks we will attempt once more to strike the delicate be barriers to integration within primary care, there should
balance between informing the reader of new research be no absolute objection to the pragmatic use of some AK
and hypotheses that are part of the ever-expanding approaches. After all, aspirin was used for decades before
developments in AK and complementary and alternative prostaglandins were discovered and it was only with the
health care, while maintaining this textbook’s role as a tool advent of the endorphins and pain-gate control theory that
for professional education. a scientifically coherent explanation for the acupuncture
By carefully referencing our sources, we hope to treatment of pain became possible.
encourage readers to seek additional resources as they Applied kinesiology, when practiced by a physician
pursue their professional education and development. who is adequately trained and with a mild degree of
The reader should note that we are using references from prudence, is virtually risk-free, and it possesses the potential
the very beginning of the study of manual muscle testing for great help. The outcomes described in these textbooks
and treatment (going back as far as the late 19th century up demonstrate these facts.
through 2012), thereby presenting a scientific history of the
evaluation and treatment of muscle dysfunction. When Since the last textbook in this series, Walther’s Synopsis,
SCC first met David in his library, he was astonished to 2nd Edition in 2000, we have not only updated content but
realize that he was visiting the largest chiropractic library also have expanded explanations to improve their clarity as
since he had worked for the research department at the well as supplementing the text with nearly 400 new figures
Palmer Chiropractic College in Iowa. Walther’s library and summary tables. Prepared by editors and coauthors of
had approximately 7,000 journal papers in the database international renown in applied kinesiology, we have had to
(2006), and 3,000 textbooks. This material was purchased make difficult decisions about limiting the inclusion of new
by SCC for help in completing subsequent textbooks on information. Details that might be useful to experienced
~ 5 ~v
Applied Kinesiology MMT for Lower Body Dysfunctions
c l inicians have not been included unless they enhanced the In writing this text, we have used the available About the Authors and
basic understanding of the content without overwhelming international body of knowledge. However, the text is
Contributors
the reader. Readers who wish to pursue such topics in principally developed and guided by the outcomes of
greater depth are encouraged to continue their reading applied kinesiology research and its translation into clinical
using the reference lists at the end of the chapters. practice. Research is an ongoing process and we look
This first volume begins with lower body dysfunctions forward to forthcoming developments in this field over the
because there will be a major emphasis on structural next thirty years.
balance which has a positive or negative effect on the We wanted to write a textbook that both preserves
1
spinal column and the function of the body as a whole. and supports Goodheart’s teachings. This book is a tool for Scott Cuthbert BA DC has spent the past decade publishing AK outcome studies and
This text does is not intended to cover all aspects of lower everyday practitioners; it is not meant to address all chronic literature reviews. His professional focus aims to advance education in all the allied professions
body dysfunction and orthopedics. It does cover standard pain syndromes or even all muscle imbalance syndromes. to include applied kinesiology for acute, chronic, and functional health impairments and pain
descriptions of orthopedic conditions and their diagnosis. Instead it provides practical, relevant, and evidence-based syndromes. A native of California, Dr. Scott first attended St. John’s College, where he received
There are some conditions which are not applicable to information arranged into a systematic approach for lower his BA in the liberal arts. Dr. Scott then graduated from the Palmer College of Chiropractic in
conservative treatment, and others that may be confused body dysfunctions that can be implemented immediately Davenport, Iowa. He migrated to Ireland and practiced chiropractic on Finn MacCool’s island.
with conditions that are considered allopathic in nature and used along with other clinical techniques. He now resides in Pueblo, Colorado where he took over Dr. Walther’s clinic after his passing, and
which are favorably treated by conservative measures. The authors have attempted to address musculoskeletal continues to focus his writing about AK on the cliffs above the Arkansas River.
Chapter one, on manual muscle testing of lower body dysfunctions of the body from a particular perspective.
muscles goes into great detail on each muscle covering This point of view relates to the diverse external influences
anatomy, kinesiology, general characteristics, myofascial to which the patient may be responding, broadly defined as
trigger point patterns of dysfunction, and proper muscle biomechanical, biochemical and psychosocial. This is the
testing. This offers a comprehensive coverage of manual famous “triad of health” model that has been part of the
muscle testing for functional neurological diagnosis and vitalistic perspective of healing for millennia, but which
is an expanded and updated version of the classic chapter Goodheart brought into clinical examination with the
Walther first wrote on this subject in 1981. manual muscle test.
Through the years, the content was updated and Many of the assessment and treatment methods derive
broadened in response to ever-expanding research from the personal experiences of the authors, although David S. Walther DC DIBAK is an internationally known and respected
discoveries by Dr. George J. Goodheart, Jr. and the the bulk emerges from the wonderfully rich AK research chiropractic practitioner and teacher of applied kinesiology methods. He is author of 3 classic
members of the ICAK and other clinicians around the and inter-professional literature that makes up the AK textbooks on AK, the primary developer of the 100 hour basic course syllabus adopted by
world who use the manual muscle test and AK procedures, professional movement, which has been trolled and studied The International College of Applied Kinesiology (ICAK) as well as instruction workbooks for
as well as the growth in AK scientific research and in order to validate the information presented. In many the revised 100 hour basic course syllabus adopted by the ICAK (1992). David Walther created
literature. What evolved was a multi-disciplinary text instances direct quotes have been used since these could over 10,000 slides for teaching applied kinesiology that are used by certified teachers of the
that not only encompasses the basic theory required to not be improved upon as they encapsulate perfectly what ICAK, and has published nearly 100 patient-education pamphlets demonstrating the scope of
understand normal and abnormal function, but it also needed to be said. The authors thank most profoundly the practice of AK.
provides the foundation for understanding current trends many experts and clinicians cited, without whom much of
in musculoskeletal evaluation and treatment. this text would have represented personal opinions alone.
It has been my great pleasure to take up the mantle of
The history of the present book reaches back to the AK researcher and gather within these pages the essence Anthony Rosner Ph.D., LL.D.[Hon.], LLC is a champion of interdisciplinary
year 2000, when the authors met for the first time in the of how to achieve and maintain a health-enhancing state
research in the health sciences, serving as Research Director of the International College
clinic of the senior author (DSW) in Pueblo, Colorado. The for one of the most common human ailments, lower body
of Applied Kinesiology, previously having been Director of Research and Education at the
author (SCC) came to Pueblo from Ireland in order to study pain and dysfunction. The goal is to provide the clinician
Foundation for Chiropractic Education and Research, Director of Research Initiatives at
AK methods with DSW. Contact between the authors was with a better way to evaluate and then remedy homeostatic
Parker College, Department Administrator in Chemistry at Brandeis University, and Technical
maintained and intensified during the ensuing decade. This balance within the human foundation.
Director at a teaching hospital of Harvard University and the Mayo Clinic. He was designated
allowed long and vivid discussions regarding all aspects of
as Humanitarian of the Year in 2000 by the American Chiropractic Association and holds an
AK health care. Scott Cuthbert Pueblo, CO 2013
honorary degree from the National University of Health Sciences. He obtained his Ph.D. from
Harvard in Medical Sciences/Biochemistry in 1972.
Mark Force DC DIBAK is a diplomate and certified teacher for the International
College of Applied Kinesiology (ICAK) and a fellow of the International Association of Medical
Acupuncture (IAMA). He has published research, been technical editor for manuals on
laboratory diagnosis and clinical practice, written a book on functional selfcare, contributed
to the development of nutritional and herbal formulas, and taught applied kinesiology,
clinical nutrition, craniosacral therapy, and functional medicine to chiropractic, osteopathic,
naturopathic, and allopathic physicians. Dr. Force graduated from Western States Chiropractic
College in 1984 and practices in Scottsdale, Arizona.
v~i 6 ~
Applied Kinesiology MMT for Lower Body Dysfunctions
c l inicians have not been included unless they enhanced the In writing this text, we have used the available About the Authors and
basic understanding of the content without overwhelming international body of knowledge. However, the text is
Contributors
the reader. Readers who wish to pursue such topics in principally developed and guided by the outcomes of
greater depth are encouraged to continue their reading applied kinesiology research and its translation into clinical
using the reference lists at the end of the chapters. practice. Research is an ongoing process and we look
This first volume begins with lower body dysfunctions forward to forthcoming developments in this field over the
because there will be a major emphasis on structural next thirty years.
balance which has a positive or negative effect on the We wanted to write a textbook that both preserves
1
spinal column and the function of the body as a whole. and supports Goodheart’s teachings. This book is a tool for Scott Cuthbert BA DC has spent the past decade publishing AK outcome studies and
This text does is not intended to cover all aspects of lower everyday practitioners; it is not meant to address all chronic literature reviews. His professional focus aims to advance education in all the allied professions
body dysfunction and orthopedics. It does cover standard pain syndromes or even all muscle imbalance syndromes. to include applied kinesiology for acute, chronic, and functional health impairments and pain
descriptions of orthopedic conditions and their diagnosis. Instead it provides practical, relevant, and evidence-based syndromes. A native of California, Dr. Scott first attended St. John’s College, where he received
There are some conditions which are not applicable to information arranged into a systematic approach for lower his BA in the liberal arts. Dr. Scott then graduated from the Palmer College of Chiropractic in
conservative treatment, and others that may be confused body dysfunctions that can be implemented immediately Davenport, Iowa. He migrated to Ireland and practiced chiropractic on Finn MacCool’s island.
with conditions that are considered allopathic in nature and used along with other clinical techniques. He now resides in Pueblo, Colorado where he took over Dr. Walther’s clinic after his passing, and
which are favorably treated by conservative measures. The authors have attempted to address musculoskeletal continues to focus his writing about AK on the cliffs above the Arkansas River.
Chapter one, on manual muscle testing of lower body dysfunctions of the body from a particular perspective.
muscles goes into great detail on each muscle covering This point of view relates to the diverse external influences
anatomy, kinesiology, general characteristics, myofascial to which the patient may be responding, broadly defined as
trigger point patterns of dysfunction, and proper muscle biomechanical, biochemical and psychosocial. This is the
testing. This offers a comprehensive coverage of manual famous “triad of health” model that has been part of the
muscle testing for functional neurological diagnosis and vitalistic perspective of healing for millennia, but which
is an expanded and updated version of the classic chapter Goodheart brought into clinical examination with the
Walther first wrote on this subject in 1981. manual muscle test.
Through the years, the content was updated and Many of the assessment and treatment methods derive
broadened in response to ever-expanding research from the personal experiences of the authors, although David S. Walther DC DIBAK is an internationally known and respected
discoveries by Dr. George J. Goodheart, Jr. and the the bulk emerges from the wonderfully rich AK research chiropractic practitioner and teacher of applied kinesiology methods. He is author of 3 classic
members of the ICAK and other clinicians around the and inter-professional literature that makes up the AK textbooks on AK, the primary developer of the 100 hour basic course syllabus adopted by
world who use the manual muscle test and AK procedures, professional movement, which has been trolled and studied The International College of Applied Kinesiology (ICAK) as well as instruction workbooks for
as well as the growth in AK scientific research and in order to validate the information presented. In many the revised 100 hour basic course syllabus adopted by the ICAK (1992). David Walther created
literature. What evolved was a multi-disciplinary text instances direct quotes have been used since these could over 10,000 slides for teaching applied kinesiology that are used by certified teachers of the
that not only encompasses the basic theory required to not be improved upon as they encapsulate perfectly what ICAK, and has published nearly 100 patient-education pamphlets demonstrating the scope of
understand normal and abnormal function, but it also needed to be said. The authors thank most profoundly the practice of AK.
provides the foundation for understanding current trends many experts and clinicians cited, without whom much of
in musculoskeletal evaluation and treatment. this text would have represented personal opinions alone.
It has been my great pleasure to take up the mantle of
The history of the present book reaches back to the AK researcher and gather within these pages the essence Anthony Rosner Ph.D., LL.D.[Hon.], LLC is a champion of interdisciplinary
year 2000, when the authors met for the first time in the of how to achieve and maintain a health-enhancing state
research in the health sciences, serving as Research Director of the International College
clinic of the senior author (DSW) in Pueblo, Colorado. The for one of the most common human ailments, lower body
of Applied Kinesiology, previously having been Director of Research and Education at the
author (SCC) came to Pueblo from Ireland in order to study pain and dysfunction. The goal is to provide the clinician
Foundation for Chiropractic Education and Research, Director of Research Initiatives at
AK methods with DSW. Contact between the authors was with a better way to evaluate and then remedy homeostatic
Parker College, Department Administrator in Chemistry at Brandeis University, and Technical
maintained and intensified during the ensuing decade. This balance within the human foundation.
Director at a teaching hospital of Harvard University and the Mayo Clinic. He was designated
allowed long and vivid discussions regarding all aspects of
as Humanitarian of the Year in 2000 by the American Chiropractic Association and holds an
AK health care. Scott Cuthbert Pueblo, CO 2013
honorary degree from the National University of Health Sciences. He obtained his Ph.D. from
Harvard in Medical Sciences/Biochemistry in 1972.
Mark Force DC DIBAK is a diplomate and certified teacher for the International
College of Applied Kinesiology (ICAK) and a fellow of the International Association of Medical
Acupuncture (IAMA). He has published research, been technical editor for manuals on
laboratory diagnosis and clinical practice, written a book on functional selfcare, contributed
to the development of nutritional and herbal formulas, and taught applied kinesiology,
clinical nutrition, craniosacral therapy, and functional medicine to chiropractic, osteopathic,
naturopathic, and allopathic physicians. Dr. Force graduated from Western States Chiropractic
College in 1984 and practices in Scottsdale, Arizona.
~ 7v ~ii
Applied Kinesiology MMT for Lower Body Dysfunctions
T able of Contents o Motions, Positions, and Fixed Structural o Static Stance ................................................153
Positions of the Foot ..................................110 o Dynamic Evaluation ..................................153
o Adduction ...................................................110 o Palpation for Pain ......................................154
Reviews.................................................................................iii Chapter 3: Peripheral nerve entrapments lower o Abduction ...................................................110 o Joint Motion and Challenge .....................155
Preface...................................................................................iv extremity ......................................................................63 o Inversion .....................................................111 o Muscle Evaluation ......................................156
Acknowledgements..............................................................vi Scott Cuthbert o Eversion .......................................................111 o Psoas Inihibition & Foot Pronation .157
About.the.Authors.and.Contributors...............................vii Contributions from David S. Walther o Dorsiflextion ...............................................111 o X-Ray Evaluation .......................................158
Table.of.Contents...............................................................viii o Planter Flexion ...........................................111 o Tarsal Coalition ..................................158
1
• Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve .........63 o Pronation ....................................................111 o Tibiotalar Motion ...............................159
Chapter 1: Manual Muscle Testing for • Obturator nerve .....................................66 o Supination ...................................................111 • Joint and Muscle Correction .......................160
Lower Extremity Dysfunctions .....................................1 • Femoral nerve.........................................67 • Foot Osteology ............................................111 o Articular Adjusting ....................................161
David S. Walther • Saphenous nerve ....................................69 o Hindfoot ......................................................112 o Lateral or Medial Talus .............................162
Contributions from Scott Cuthbert • Piriformis Syndrome..............................69 o Calcaneus (os calcis) .................................112 o Rotated Cuboid ..........................................163
• Clinical algorithm for AK treatment of o Talus (astragalus) .......................................112 o Lateral Cuboid ............................................163
• Abductor Hallucis ...........................................6 piriformis syndrome .....................................76 o Midfoot .......................................................113 o Inferior Cuboid ..........................................163
• Extensor Digitorum Longus and Brevis .........7 • Peroneal Nerves ......................................76 o Navicular .....................................................113 o Inferior Navicular ......................................163
• Extensor Hallucis Longus and Brevis .............9 o Common Peroneal .......................................76 o Cuboid .........................................................113 o Superior Mid-Tarsal bones .......................163
• Flexor Digitorum Brevis ...............................11 o Superficial Peroneal nerve ..........................79 o Cuneiform Bones .......................................113 o Inferior Cuneiforms ..................................164
• Flexor Hallucis Longus and Brevis ..........12-13 o Deep Peroneal ..............................................80 o Forefoot .......................................................114 • Plantar Fasciitis and Heel Spurs .................164
• Gastrocnemius and Soleus .......................14-16 • Tibial nerve....................................................80 o Metatarsal Bones ........................................114 o Etiology and Symptoms ............................164
• Intrinsic Plantar Foot Muscles ......................18 • Tarsal tunnel syndrome ................................80 o Phalanges ....................................................114 o Treatment ....................................................167
• Lumbricales and Interossei ...........................19 o Anatomy ......................................................81 o Accessory Bones ........................................116 • Forefoot in extended pronation ..................168
• Peroneus Longus and Brevis .........................20 o Symptoms ...................................................81 • Foot mechanics – The close examination ...116 • Transverse Arch in extended pronation .....168
• Peroneus Tertius ............................................22 o Etiology .......................................................84 • Foot reflexes.................................................122 • Types of Metatarsalgia ................................169
• Popliteus ........................................................23 o Examination ...............................................84 • Ligaments of the foot ..................................123 o Extended pronation in metatarsalgia
• Tibialis Anterior ............................................25 o Treatment ....................................................85 • Muscles of the foot and lower leg ................125 o Loss of Transverse Arch ............................170
• Tibialis Posterior ...........................................27 • Plantar Nerves ...............................................86 o Extrinsic Muscle System ...........................125 o High arch
o Interdigital nerves ......................................87 o Intrinsic Muscle System ............................125 o Normal (medium) arch
Chapter 2: Peripheral nerve entrapments • Plantar Interdigital Nerualgia (Morton’s • Arches of the Foot .......................................127 o Footwear .....................................................171
(Introduction) .............................................................33 Neuroma) ......................................................88 • Bony architecture ........................................128 o Cavus Foot ..................................................171
Scott Cuthbert o Anatomy ........................................................88 • Ligaments and aponeurosis ........................129 o Imbalance of Weight Distribution ...........171
Contributions from David S. Walther o Symptomatic Pattern ...................................88 • Muscle Role in Support of the Arch ............130 o Sesamoiditis ................................................172
o Treatment ......................................................89 o Foot Weight Bearing ..................................132 o Metatarsalgia differential diagnosis .........173
• Entrapment Neurophysiology ......................35 • Ankle Anatomy and Function .....................133 o Treatment ....................................................174
o Case Report: AK management of Parsonage- Chapter 4: Foot and Ankle .........................................95 • Ankle Stability in Active Function ..............135 • Freiberg’s Infraction and
Turner Syndrome Scott Cuthbert • Ligament stretch reaction ...........................136 Bone Fragmentation ...............................175
• Cranial nerve entrapment .............................35 Contributions from David S. Walther o Correction ...................................................138 • Stress Fractures ...........................................176
• Common sites of entrapment .......................35 • Foot and Ankle Motion ...............................138 • Functional hallux limitus (FHL) .................177
• Cross Stimulation and Light Pressure ..........43 General examination and body language ............98 o Plantar Flexion and Dorsiflexion o Foot stabilization........................................179
• Double Crush ................................................43 o Symptomatic .................................................98 • Foot Reflexes and Reactions........................141 o Calcaneocuboid locking ...........................179
• Ischemia .........................................................44 • AK Foot and Ankle Examination • Positive support reaction ............................141 o Truss and locking wedge effect ................179
• Examination ..................................................47 Algorithm ......................................................99 o Examination of the Positive Support o Windlass effect ...........................................179
• History ...................................................47 o Appearance of the foot ..............................102 Reaction ......................................................143 o Sequence of motion during gaiting .........180
• Differential Diagnosis..........................48 o Shoe wear ....................................................102 • Pronation .....................................................144 • The effects of FHL ........................................180
• Medications with neuropathy as a • Meridian system influenced by foot o Gait ..............................................................145 o Symptoms ...................................................180
potential side-effect .............................49 and ankle dysfunction .............................103 o Etiology .......................................................146 • Examination ................................................181
• Palpation and Inspection ....................49 • Non-weight bearing examination ...............103 o Short Triceps Surae ....................................146 • Podiatry and FHL
• Cutaneous .............................................49 o Palpation .....................................................106 o Tarsal Coalition ..........................................148 • Applied kinesiology and FHL .....................181
• Muscle ...................................................50 o Shock absorber test ....................................106 o Peroneal Spastic Flatfoot ...........................149 o Liver meridian ............................................182
• Nerve .....................................................51 • Static weight-bearing examination .............107 o Internal tibial Torsion or o Origin and insertion technique ...............182
• General Physical ...................................51 o Helbing’s sign ..............................................107 Malleolar Torsion ...................................149 o Repeated muscle activity
• Sensibility Studies ................................51 o Knee and leg position ................................107 o Ligamentous Laxity patient induced .......................................182
• Circulatory Evaluation ........................53 o Weight-bearing tests ..................................108 o Hypermobility syndrome o Muscle stretch reaction .............................182
• Plethysmography .................................54 • Dynamic examination .................................109 o Prehallux or Accessory Navicular ............149 o Maximum muscle contraction .................182
• Doppler .................................................55 • Foot and Ankle Anatomy and Physiology ..110 o Talipes Calcaneovalgus .............................151 o Rib pump technique ..................................182
• Doppler use in thoracic outlet ...........55 o Divisions and Motions of the Feet ...........110 • Postural Influence .......................................152 o Deep peroneal nerve .................................182
• X-ray ......................................................55 o Classification of the Forefoot ...................110 • Examination ................................................152 o Support ........................................................182
v~ii i8 ~
Applied Kinesiology MMT for Lower Body Dysfunctions
T able of Contents o Motions, Positions, and Fixed Structural o Static Stance ................................................153
Positions of the Foot ..................................110 o Dynamic Evaluation ..................................153
o Adduction ...................................................110 o Palpation for Pain ......................................154
Reviews.................................................................................iii Chapter 3: Peripheral nerve entrapments lower o Abduction ...................................................110 o Joint Motion and Challenge .....................155
Preface...................................................................................iv extremity ......................................................................63 o Inversion .....................................................111 o Muscle Evaluation ......................................156
Acknowledgements..............................................................vi Scott Cuthbert o Eversion .......................................................111 o Psoas Inihibition & Foot Pronation .157
About.the.Authors.and.Contributors...............................vii Contributions from David S. Walther o Dorsiflextion ...............................................111 o X-Ray Evaluation .......................................158
Table.of.Contents...............................................................viii o Planter Flexion ...........................................111 o Tarsal Coalition ..................................158
1
• Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve .........63 o Pronation ....................................................111 o Tibiotalar Motion ...............................159
Chapter 1: Manual Muscle Testing for • Obturator nerve .....................................66 o Supination ...................................................111 • Joint and Muscle Correction .......................160
Lower Extremity Dysfunctions .....................................1 • Femoral nerve.........................................67 • Foot Osteology ............................................111 o Articular Adjusting ....................................161
David S. Walther • Saphenous nerve ....................................69 o Hindfoot ......................................................112 o Lateral or Medial Talus .............................162
Contributions from Scott Cuthbert • Piriformis Syndrome..............................69 o Calcaneus (os calcis) .................................112 o Rotated Cuboid ..........................................163
• Clinical algorithm for AK treatment of o Talus (astragalus) .......................................112 o Lateral Cuboid ............................................163
• Abductor Hallucis ...........................................6 piriformis syndrome .....................................76 o Midfoot .......................................................113 o Inferior Cuboid ..........................................163
• Extensor Digitorum Longus and Brevis .........7 • Peroneal Nerves ......................................76 o Navicular .....................................................113 o Inferior Navicular ......................................163
• Extensor Hallucis Longus and Brevis .............9 o Common Peroneal .......................................76 o Cuboid .........................................................113 o Superior Mid-Tarsal bones .......................163
• Flexor Digitorum Brevis ...............................11 o Superficial Peroneal nerve ..........................79 o Cuneiform Bones .......................................113 o Inferior Cuneiforms ..................................164
• Flexor Hallucis Longus and Brevis ..........12-13 o Deep Peroneal ..............................................80 o Forefoot .......................................................114 • Plantar Fasciitis and Heel Spurs .................164
• Gastrocnemius and Soleus .......................14-16 • Tibial nerve....................................................80 o Metatarsal Bones ........................................114 o Etiology and Symptoms ............................164
• Intrinsic Plantar Foot Muscles ......................18 • Tarsal tunnel syndrome ................................80 o Phalanges ....................................................114 o Treatment ....................................................167
• Lumbricales and Interossei ...........................19 o Anatomy ......................................................81 o Accessory Bones ........................................116 • Forefoot in extended pronation ..................168
• Peroneus Longus and Brevis .........................20 o Symptoms ...................................................81 • Foot mechanics – The close examination ...116 • Transverse Arch in extended pronation .....168
• Peroneus Tertius ............................................22 o Etiology .......................................................84 • Foot reflexes.................................................122 • Types of Metatarsalgia ................................169
• Popliteus ........................................................23 o Examination ...............................................84 • Ligaments of the foot ..................................123 o Extended pronation in metatarsalgia
• Tibialis Anterior ............................................25 o Treatment ....................................................85 • Muscles of the foot and lower leg ................125 o Loss of Transverse Arch ............................170
• Tibialis Posterior ...........................................27 • Plantar Nerves ...............................................86 o Extrinsic Muscle System ...........................125 o High arch
o Interdigital nerves ......................................87 o Intrinsic Muscle System ............................125 o Normal (medium) arch
Chapter 2: Peripheral nerve entrapments • Plantar Interdigital Nerualgia (Morton’s • Arches of the Foot .......................................127 o Footwear .....................................................171
(Introduction) .............................................................33 Neuroma) ......................................................88 • Bony architecture ........................................128 o Cavus Foot ..................................................171
Scott Cuthbert o Anatomy ........................................................88 • Ligaments and aponeurosis ........................129 o Imbalance of Weight Distribution ...........171
Contributions from David S. Walther o Symptomatic Pattern ...................................88 • Muscle Role in Support of the Arch ............130 o Sesamoiditis ................................................172
o Treatment ......................................................89 o Foot Weight Bearing ..................................132 o Metatarsalgia differential diagnosis .........173
• Entrapment Neurophysiology ......................35 • Ankle Anatomy and Function .....................133 o Treatment ....................................................174
o Case Report: AK management of Parsonage- Chapter 4: Foot and Ankle .........................................95 • Ankle Stability in Active Function ..............135 • Freiberg’s Infraction and
Turner Syndrome Scott Cuthbert • Ligament stretch reaction ...........................136 Bone Fragmentation ...............................175
• Cranial nerve entrapment .............................35 Contributions from David S. Walther o Correction ...................................................138 • Stress Fractures ...........................................176
• Common sites of entrapment .......................35 • Foot and Ankle Motion ...............................138 • Functional hallux limitus (FHL) .................177
• Cross Stimulation and Light Pressure ..........43 General examination and body language ............98 o Plantar Flexion and Dorsiflexion o Foot stabilization........................................179
• Double Crush ................................................43 o Symptomatic .................................................98 • Foot Reflexes and Reactions........................141 o Calcaneocuboid locking ...........................179
• Ischemia .........................................................44 • AK Foot and Ankle Examination • Positive support reaction ............................141 o Truss and locking wedge effect ................179
• Examination ..................................................47 Algorithm ......................................................99 o Examination of the Positive Support o Windlass effect ...........................................179
• History ...................................................47 o Appearance of the foot ..............................102 Reaction ......................................................143 o Sequence of motion during gaiting .........180
• Differential Diagnosis..........................48 o Shoe wear ....................................................102 • Pronation .....................................................144 • The effects of FHL ........................................180
• Medications with neuropathy as a • Meridian system influenced by foot o Gait ..............................................................145 o Symptoms ...................................................180
potential side-effect .............................49 and ankle dysfunction .............................103 o Etiology .......................................................146 • Examination ................................................181
• Palpation and Inspection ....................49 • Non-weight bearing examination ...............103 o Short Triceps Surae ....................................146 • Podiatry and FHL
• Cutaneous .............................................49 o Palpation .....................................................106 o Tarsal Coalition ..........................................148 • Applied kinesiology and FHL .....................181
• Muscle ...................................................50 o Shock absorber test ....................................106 o Peroneal Spastic Flatfoot ...........................149 o Liver meridian ............................................182
• Nerve .....................................................51 • Static weight-bearing examination .............107 o Internal tibial Torsion or o Origin and insertion technique ...............182
• General Physical ...................................51 o Helbing’s sign ..............................................107 Malleolar Torsion ...................................149 o Repeated muscle activity
• Sensibility Studies ................................51 o Knee and leg position ................................107 o Ligamentous Laxity patient induced .......................................182
• Circulatory Evaluation ........................53 o Weight-bearing tests ..................................108 o Hypermobility syndrome o Muscle stretch reaction .............................182
• Plethysmography .................................54 • Dynamic examination .................................109 o Prehallux or Accessory Navicular ............149 o Maximum muscle contraction .................182
• Doppler .................................................55 • Foot and Ankle Anatomy and Physiology ..110 o Talipes Calcaneovalgus .............................151 o Rib pump technique ..................................182
• Doppler use in thoracic outlet ...........55 o Divisions and Motions of the Feet ...........110 • Postural Influence .......................................152 o Deep peroneal nerve .................................182
• X-ray ......................................................55 o Classification of the Forefoot ...................110 • Examination ................................................152 o Support ........................................................182
~ 9 i~x
Applied Kinesiology MMT for Lower Body Dysfunctions
• Hallux rigidus ..............................................183 o Achilles bursitis ..........................................240 o Acid-Alkaline balance ...............................278 o Inactivity aggravated pain and
• Hallux Valgus ..............................................183 o Tibialis posterior tendinitis ......................241 • AK and the large intestine...........................279 calcium metabolism ...............................293
o Etiology .......................................................184 • Shin splints ..................................................241 o Large intestine and rectal cancer .............279 o Burning pain, NSAIDs, and
o Congenital Bone Formation .....................184 o Diagnosis ....................................................243 o Ileocecal valve syndrome ..........................280 the prostaglandin system ......................293
o Footwear .....................................................184 o Treatment ....................................................243 o Alimentary canal flora ..............................281 o Trans fatty acids .........................................293
o Muscle Role ................................................185 • Compartment syndrome .............................244 o Inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative o Itching, edematous pain and
o Pronation ....................................................186 o Chronic compartment syndrome ............246 colitis and Crohn’s disease) .......................282 bradykinin ..............................................294
o Examination and Treatment .....................186 o Acute compartment syndrome ................246 o Adrenal involvement in large intestine • Systemic inflammatory pain .......................294 1
o First Metatarsal and 1st Cuneiform o Treatment ....................................................247 dysfunctions ...............................................282 o Oxidation ..............................................294
Adjustment .................................................187 • Restless leg syndrome (RLS) .......................247 o Irritable bowel syndrome o Methylation ................................................294
o First Metatarsophalangeal Adjustment ...188 o Medical treatment for RLS .......................249 (mucous colitis) ......................................283 o Homocysteine ...........................................295
o Support ........................................................188 o Side effects ..................................................249 o Constipation ...............................................284 o Leukotrienes ...............................................294
o Surgery ........................................................189 o AK treatment for RLS................................249 o Dehydration ................................................284 o Glycation .....................................................295
• Shoes ............................................................189 o Restless Legs Syndrome Patient List ........251 o Diarrhea ......................................................285 • Focal occult infection ..................................295
o Proper Shoe Fit ...........................................192 o Infantile colic ..............................................285 • Joint pain .....................................................296
o Foot Support ...............................................194 Chapter 6: Applied kinesiology and systemic conditions o Obesity ........................................................285 o Osteoarthritis ............................................296
o Material for Padding and Taping .............195 of the lower body .......................................................261 o Post-antibiotic effects and candidiasis ....285 o Rheumatoid arthritis .................................296
o Medial Longitudinal Arch .....................195 Mark Force, Scott Cuthbert o Fecal matter matters ..................................286 • Circulatory system ......................................296
o Versatility of AK Diagnosis ......................196 Contributions from David S. Walther • Female reproductive system ........................287 o Varicose veins .............................................297
o Metatarsal support .................................197 o Infertility and amenorrhea .......................287 • Edema ..........................................................297
o Orthotics ..............................................198 • Introduction ................................................261 o Dysmenorrhea............................................288 o Edema due to nutrient deficiencies .........297
• Foot Rehabilitation .....................................200 • Testing biochemistry with AK ....................262 o Pain, prostaglandins, and dysmenorrhea ..288 o Biochemical individuality and
o Triceps Surae Stretch .................................201 • Viscerosomatic reflexes and Muscle-Organ- o Premenstrual syndromes ..........................289 subclinical nutrient deficiency .............297
o Foot rehabilitation with yoga ...................202 Gland relationships .....................................262 o Estrogen imbalances ..................................289 o Impaired microcirculation .......................298
o Thigh and Spinal Muscles .........................203 • Somatoautonomic nervous system, o Endometriosis ............................................290 o Raynaud’s syndrome ..................................298
o Planter Muscle Exercise ............................203 somatovisceral reflexes, and manual o Polycystic ovary disease ............................290 o Blood hyperviscosity syndromes .............298
o Obtaining Foot Flexibility ........................204 therapies ....................................................263 o Vaginitis/Vaginosis ....................................290 o Rouleaux formation ...................................299
• Myofascial release and somatovisceral o Benign uterine fibroid/leiomyoma ..........290 o Blood viscosity and
Chapter 5: Leg and Ankle .........................................219 effects ........................................................264 • Male reproductive system ...........................290 Rouleaux interactions ............................299
Scott Cuthbert o Percussion and myofascia .........................264 o Prostate disease ..........................................290 • Applied kinesiology’s future in
Contributions from David S. Walther • Therapeutic manipulation of visceral • Aching pain, lactic acidosis, and mitochondrial stress-related illness .................................299
myofascial adhesions ...................................265 dysfunction ..................................................291
• Ankle ...........................................................220 • Common areas of myofascial problems .....265 o Urea-Guanidine cycle and
• Ankle Joint Strain ........................................220 • Somatic fascia ..............................................266 deep aching pain ....................................292
• Tibial torsion ...............................................220 • Visceral myofascia .......................................267
• Ankle sprains ...............................................221 o Visceral myofascial therapy by Barral .....267
• Types and severity of sprains ......................222 o Visceral myofascial therapy by Walker ...268
• Examination ................................................223 o Visceral myofascial therapy by Chaitow
o Orthopedic signs and tests for ankle (Specific Release Technique) ....................268
involvements.......................................224-225 o Visceral repositioning (Ptosis) .................269
• X-Ray Examination .....................................226 • The pelvic region –
o Nerve injury accompanying chronic pelvic pain (CPP) ........................270
ankle sprain ............................................227 o Inguinal hernia ...........................................270
o Treatment ....................................................227 • Urinary tract dysfunction ...........................271
o Rehabilitation o Urinary incontinence ................................271
• Prevention and optimal function ...............230 o Urinary incontinence:
• Exercise ........................................................231 AK case series report ...........................271
• Proprioceptive training ...............................232 • Nocturia .......................................................273
• Tape and support .........................................233 • Cystitis and interstitial cystitis ...................273
• Peroneal tendon dislocation .......................234 • AK and digestive dysfunction .....................274
• Achilles Tendon ...........................................235 • Stomach and small intestine .......................274
o Achilles tendinitis ......................................236 o Hydrochloric acid ......................................274
o Diagnosis ....................................................237 o Hiatal hernia ...............................................274
o Treatment ....................................................237 o Case Report: AK and severe digestive
o Achilles tendon rupture ............................238 burning ....................................................275
o Examination ..............................................239 o Protein digestion ........................................276
o Treatment ....................................................239 o Protein and arthritis ..................................276
x~ 10 ~